*Article* **Exogenously Applied Rohitukine Inhibits Photosynthetic Processes, Growth and Induces Antioxidant Defense System in** *Arabidopsis thaliana*

**Sajad Ahmed 1,2,\*, Mohd Asgher 3, Amit Kumar 1,4 and Sumit G. Gandhi 1,4,\***


**Abstract:** The secondary metabolite rohitukine has been reported in only a few plant species, including *Schumanniophyton magnificum*, *S. problematicum*, *Amoora rohituka*, *Dysoxylum acutangulum* and *D. gotadhora*. It has several biological activities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, anti-implantation, antidyslipidemic, anti-arthritic and anti-fertility properties. However, the ecological and physiological roles of rohitukine in parent plants have yet to be explored. Here for the first time, we tried to decipher the physiological effect of rohitukine isolated from *D. gotadhora* on the model system *Arabidopsis thaliana*. Application of 0.25 mM and 0.5 mM rohitukine concentrations moderately affected the growth of *A. thaliana*, whereas a remarkable decrease in growth and the alteration of various morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms were observed in plants that received 1.0 mM of rohitukine as compared to the untreated control. *A. thaliana* showed considerable dose-dependent decreases in leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight when sprayed with 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM of rohitukine. Rohitukine exposure resulted in the disruption of photosynthesis, photosystem II (PSII) activity and degradation of chlorophyll content in *A. thaliana*. It also triggered oxidative stress in visualized tissues through antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression levels of key genes involved in the antioxidant system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Rohitukineinduced changes in levels of metabolites (amino acids, sugars, organic acids, etc.) were also assessed. In light of these results, we discuss (i) the likely ecological importance of rohitukine in parent plants as well as (ii) the comparison of responses to rohitukine treatment in plants and mammals.

**Keywords:** antioxidants; *Arabidopsis*; metabolome; ROS; rohitukine
