*2.8. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA)*

A kit (A003-1-1) was used to quantify MDA following the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. A glass homogenizer was used to properly homogenize 100 mg of fresh leaves in 900 μL of extraction buffer provided by the company. The homogenate was centrifuged at 5000× *g* for 15 min, followed by three centrifugations of 15 s each at 4000× *g*, with a 30 s interval between each centrifugation, with the final centrifugation of 3500× *g* for 10 min. After that, the supernatant was collected and mixed with the working fluid (combination of R1: clarifying agent, R2: buffering agent, and R3: color developer in the ratio of 0.1:3:1) provided by the company, then the mixture was boiled at 95 ◦C for 20 min. After cooling, the absorbance at 530 nm was determined using a full-wavelength microplate reader (Infinite M200 PRO, TECAN, Männedorf, Swiss) [32].

#### *2.9. Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide, Proteins, GSH, and Antioxidant Enzymes*

A homogenized sample of 500 mg of fresh leaves was centrifuged at 10,000× *g* for 15 min with 4.5 mL of 0.1 M PBS. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total proteins, reduced glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were measured using commercially available test kits purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China and their absorbance were determined using a full-wavelength microplate reader (Infinite M200 PRO, TECAN, Männedorf, Swiss) [17,32,33].
