*2.9. Determination of the Tolerance Index (TI), Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF), and Translocation Factor (TF)*

To determine the plant tolerance to Cu and Cd toxicity, the indices of the tolerance index (TI), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and translocation factor (TF) were calculated. This result was obtained based on the method of Souri and Karimi [44] and is considered to denote the efficiency of photoextraction. The formula below is used to find the value of TI, which represents the tolerance index in the shoot and root; TF, which represents the translocation factor; and BAF, which represents the bioaccumulation factor of leaves, stem, and root.

TF (leaves/stem) = the concentration of the co-application of Ti-EBL/heavy metals (Cu, Cd) in the leaves/stem of plants (mg/kg)/the concentration of the co-application of Ti-EBL/heavy metals (Cu, Cd) in the roots of plants (6)


BF (leaves/stem/root) = concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves or stem or root/concentrations of heavy metals in the medium (8)

#### *2.10. Statistical Analysis*

A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study, consisting of a 2-way factorial with four replicates. R software was used for ANOVA (analysis of variance), and the Tukey's test was used to determine mean differences, which were conducted at the *p* < 0.05 probability level.
