*2.1. Identification of PGs and PMEs in Grapevine*

A total of 36 *PG* and 47 *PME* genes were identified from the grapevine genome through orthologues analysis with *Arabidopsis* (Table S1). These genes were designated as *VvPG1-VcPG36* for PGs and *VvPME1-VcPME46* for PMEs according to the previously reported nomenclature system with slight modification. The corresponding UNIPROT gene IDs are also listed in Table 1. A brief summary of the basic information for both PGs and PMEs in grapevine, apple, peach, and citrus is shown in Tables S1 and S2, where the basic features include the protein identifier, CDS length (bp), and protein properties (i.e., protein length (aa), molecular weight (kDa), isoelectric point (PIs), and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY)). Additionally, gene duplication types and subcellular predictions were also explored for each protein of PGs and PMEs in grapevine. In general, the coding sequence length of these genes varied from 999–3702 bp for PGs and 768–2463 bp for PMEs, while the protein length ranged from 332–1233 aa for PGs and 255–820 aa for PMEs, respectively. Moreover, the kDa ranged from 36.38–135.75 for PGs and 28.12–90.85 for PMEs, while the PIs varied from 4.73–9.74 for PGs and 5.17–9.97 for PMEs. Additionally, the results of GRAVY reveal that both PGs and PMEs are hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature. Although most showed hydrophobic properties with negative values, a limited number showed positive hydrophobic properties. Protein subcellular predications also confirmed that the majority of PGs and PMEs occurred in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and mitochondria among ohers, which are listed in Table S1. Moreover, the types of duplications also varied in terms of gene numbers in PGs (10 dispersed, 1 proximal, 12 tandem, and 13 segmental, respectively) and PMEs (23 dispersed, 1 proximal, 16 tandem, and 7 segmental, respectively). Hence, the observed variations in various properties among PGs and PMEs implies that these genes may function contrarily in a variable environment.


**Table 1.** Duplications of the *PG* and *PME* genes in grapevine.
