*4.2. Research Question 1*

This section presents the study findings related to the study's first research question: Can the deployment of reporting quality measures developed in the environmental reporting literature enhance our understanding and interpretation of corruption-reporting quality and behavior? The unidimensional metrics will be considered first in Section 4.2.1 and the multidimensional measure in Section 4.2.2, followed by a discussion in Section 4.2.3.

First, we consider the unidimensional measures, SQNI and SCI, and apply them to assess the anti-corruption disclosure over the 17-year period from 2003 to 2019.
