**5. Discussion and Conclusions**

This study comprehensively identified research concepts and topics that have been handled in the CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship domains. To facilitate the analysis process, this study employed the text mining techniques to extract frequently appearing terms and latent topics in the large number of research articles related to CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship. The term-frequency analysis results showed that the CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenships not only share key terms that imply conceptual commonalities but also have distinct key terms that describes specific foci. Moreover, the CTM results clearly addressed that the CSR, ESG, corporate citizenship domains have different scopes and scales, which indicates the necessity of a new framework not only to present the meanings and definitions of CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship but also to clarify conceptual relationships among CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship.

The definitions of the three themes (i.e., CSR, ESG, corporate citizenship) given by scholars in previous studies are as follows. First, CSR mainly talks about corporate economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic obligations as summarized by the CSR's pyramid model [1,11,54]. ESG indicates that companies perform environmental, social, governance related activities as obligations for social welfare and sustainable and long-term wealth of stakeholders [55]. Corporate citizenship is defined as " the extent to which businesses assume the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities imposed on them by their stakeholders" [7] (p. 38). Due to the redundancy and ambiguity of the boundaries of CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship, scholars still mix these labels to characterize corporate responsibility concepts.

However, the text mining results of many research works relevant to CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship in this study suggest that there are implicit but clear differences among CSR, ESG, and corporate citizenship. CSR mainly refers to corporate activities focusing on responsibilities and obligations, while ESG mainly refers to corporate ESG-related activities for the performance of companies, shareholder, and stakeholders. In addition, corporate citizenship mainly refers to voluntary and ethical activities of a company for its positive social influence.

Based on the results, the current study suggests that the concept of "corporate citizenship" is not only a high-level concept that encompasses ESG and CSR, but also a broad concept with missions that should affect various areas of society. The text mining results of this study implies that "employees" as the main agents of corporate citizenship practice is the most important factor among various stakeholders of corporate citizenship. Above all, it can be seen that the main role of corporate citizenship is for companies to exert more active social influence in a political way. Therefore, corporate citizenship should be different from CSR and ESG; corporate citizenship needs to be based on more active and leading corporate strategies and to be embodied as an organizational culture for all employees. In terms of social influence (politics), corporate activities should help other organizations become corporate citizenship since the word "citizenship" includes the concepts of win-win, symbiosis, and coexistence.

Corporate Citizenship Management Standards (CCMS) [56] established by POSCO, a global major steel-manufacturing company in Republic of Korea, are a representative example to support the findings of this study. For example, CCMS includes many keywords of corporate citizenship we found through this study. The most frequent words appeared in CCMS were 'society', 'value', 'safety', 'customer', 'product', 'growth', 'activity', 'business', 'citizen', etc. These words are regarded as keywords that represent POSCO's management philosophy (i.e., corporate citizenship). There are considerable overlaps between the keywords in CCMS and the frequent terms in the corporate citizenship literature identified from this study. For instance, 'society', 'community', 'action', 'initiative', 'employee', 'change', and 'environment' are commonly identified keywords. This shows that the conceptualization of corporate citizenship through the text mining of related research articles in this study is in line with actual practice for corporate citizenship in business.

This study has a limitation in that the text mining techniques were conducted only with the titles, abstracts, and keywords of each paper. However, this was also an intentional approach to minimize the noise of data when the whole manuscript was considered for analysis. The current study focused on the difference among corporate citizenship, CSR, and ESG, but more specific research and practical implications can be drawn if more specific contents such as comparison with various similar concepts, definitions of each topic, and measures are investigated through text mining. Corporate citizenship research requires both quantitative and qualitative approaches as widely studied in CSR research. Specifically, corporate citizenship research will also require various studies to establish its concepts and

frameworks. In addition, research on the development of corporate citizenship measures is also needed to further refine and materialize the concept of corporate citizenship.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.G.P., K.P. and Y.G.K.; methodology, J.G.P. and K.P; formal analysis, J.G.P., K.P., H.N. and Y.G.K.; investigation, J.G.P., K.P., H.N. and Y.G.K.; data curation, J.G.P., K.P. and H.N.; writing—original draft preparation, J.G.P. and K.P.; writing—review and editing, J.G.P., K.P., H.N. and Y.G.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by Incheon National University Research Grant in 2019 (#2019-0216).

**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
