*3.4. Reliability and Validity*

Table 2 shows the results of the reliability and validity analysis of the main constructs via using SPSS v25.0. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics?lot=5&mhsrc= ibmsearch\_a&mhq=spss (accessed on 15 June 2020) As shown in the table, the Composite Reliability values of the four main constructs ranged from 0.757 to 0.881, and Cronbach's Alpha values were between 0.871 and 0.934. Both results indicate that the internal consistency reliability of these measurement scales was acceptable.


**Table 2.** The reliability and validity analysis results of main constructs.

In order to examine the construct validity, we evaluated the convergent validity and discriminant validity. As presented in Table 2, the average variance extracted values of the four main constructs were higher than 0.50, which meant that there was good convergent validity among the four main constructs in the study. Furthermore, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. The factor loading of every measure item was significantly associated with its potential factor, and the factor loadings were greater than 0.70, further confirming the convergent validity [65].

Moreover, the study examined the discriminant validity by comparing the square root of the average variance extracted from four main constructs to the inter-construct correlation coefficient. According to Tables 2 and 3, the square root of the average variance extracted was higher than its correlation coefficients with the other main constructs, showing satisfactory discriminant validity [66]. Thus, the measure scales had good reliability and validity.

**Table 3.** Descriptive statistics and correlations (*N* = 351).


Note: <sup>+</sup> *p* < 0.10; \* *p* < 0.05; \*\* *p* < 0.01.
