*2.2. Methods*

2.2.1. Mixing Procedure and Mixture Properties of Cement Mortar

Cement mortar components were mixed according to the EN 196-1 procedure.

The proportions by weight were one part cement, three parts of 0/2 sand, and a water/cement ratio of 0.50.

Polycarboxylate ether and air entraining admixtures were stirred with the mixing water at high speed for 1 min to obtain uniform dispersion.

After mixing of components, the consistency of fresh mortar was determined by a flow table method (EN 1015-3). The flow value was determined by measuring the spread diameter of the test samples.

The bulk density of fresh mortar was standardized by weighing a known volume of fresh mortar according to EN 1015-6, using a sample of approximately 200 mL of fresh mortar for each composition.
