*5.2. Comparison of Buckling Modes*

Table 16 shows the first four buckling modes predicted by 2D-PWL and 3D-TCP under the conditions in Case 7. It can be observed that the buckling modes predicted by 2D-PWL and 3D-TCP are almost the same. That is, the first and third buckling modes, respectively, have one and two half-waves along the *Y* direction, and the second buckling mode has two half-waves along the *X* direction, the fourth buckling mode has two asymmetric half-waves

along the *X* and *Y* directions. It is worth noting that the first four critical loads of 3D-TCP are greater than 2D-PWL, indicating that 3D-TCP has better stability under lateral load.

**Table 16.** Comparison of the first four buckling modes between 3D-TCP and 2D-PWL under the conditions in Case 7.
