*Article* **A Bidirectional Grid-Connected DC–AC Converter for Autonomous and Intelligent Electricity Storage in the Residential Sector**

**Ismail Aouichak, Sébastien Jacques \*, Sébastien Bissey, Cédric Reymond, Téo Besson and Jean-Charles Le Bunetel**

> Research Group on Materials, Microelectronics, Acoustics, and Nanotechnology, GREMAN UMR 7347, University of Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val-de-Loire, 37100 Tours, France; ismail.aouichak@univ-tours.fr (I.A.); sebastien.bissey@univ-tours.fr (S.B.); cedric.reymond@st.com (C.R.); teo.besson@univ-tours.fr (T.B.); lebunetel@univ-tours.fr (J.-C.L.B.)

**\*** Correspondence: sebastien.jacques@univ-tours.fr; Tel.: +33-6-667-639-46

**Abstract:** Controlling the cost of electricity consumption remains a major concern, particularly in the residential sector. Smart home electricity management systems (HEMS) are becoming increasingly popular for providing uninterrupted power and improved power quality, as well as for reducing the cost of electricity consumption. When power transfer is required between a storage system and the AC grid, and vice versa, these HEMS require the use of a bidirectional DC–AC converter. This paper emphasizes the potential value of an almost unexplored topology, the design of which was based on the generation of sinusoidal signals from sinusoidal half waves. A DC–DC stage, which behaved as a configurable voltage source, was in series with a DC–AC stage, i.e., an H-bridge, to achieve an architecture that could operate in both grid and off-grid configurations. Wide bandgap power switches (silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors [MOSFETs]), combined with appropriate control strategies, were the keys to increasing compactness of the converter while ensuring good performance, especially in terms of efficiency. The converter was configured to automatically change the operating mode, i.e., inverter or rectifier in power factor correction mode, according to an instruction issued by the HEMS; the latter being integrated in the control circuit with automatic duty cycle management. Therefore, the HEMS set the amount of energy to be injected into the grid or to be stored. The experimental results validate the operating modes of the proposed converter and demonstrate the relevance of such a topology when combined with an HEMS, especially in the case of an AC grid connection. The efficiency measurements of the bidirectional DC–AC converter, performed in grid-connected inverter mode, show that we exceeded the efficiency target of 95% over the entire output power range studied, i.e., from 100 W to 1.5 kW.

**Keywords:** home electricity management systems; bidirectional DC–AC converter; high compactness; high efficiency
