**4. Conclusions**

The results of this study indicated that the EOs extracted from *J. thurifera* had excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial potencies against clinically important drug-resistant microbes. These results are intriguing since they sugges<sup>t</sup> that EOs extracted from *J. thurifera* could potentially be used as an alternative to traditional antioxidant antimicrobial treatments. However, prior to any prospective application of the studied EOs as natural medicines to control microorganisms, evaluation of the potential side effects on non-target organisms along with pre-clinical and clinical works on non-human primates and humans will be required.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: S.L., A.E.B., A.E.M. and M.B.; formal analysis: S.L., A.M.S. and A.A.; investigation: S.L., A.A.A., A.C., M.A., A.M.S. and A.A.; methodology: A.M.S. and A.A.; supervision: A.M.S., A.A. and A.B.; writing original draft, and editing: M.B., S.L., A.M.S., A.A., M.A.M.A.-S. and J.P.G.; visualization: M.A.M.A.-S.; validation: J.P.G. and M.A.M.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2022R437), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** All data reported here is available from the authors upon request.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2022R437) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Giesy was supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Research Chair program and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, and Waco, TX, USA.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
