**Preface to "New Insights into Antithrombotic Therapy for Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Application"**

Thrombosis represents a pathophysiological phenomenon that may be observed in several clinical conditions, such as acute and chronic coronary syndrome, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The activation of coagulation cascade, as well as platelet aggregation, are key steps of the thrombotic process. Pharmacological modulation of both components of thrombosis, the coagulation cascade and platelet activation, is of great clinical importance. Several clinical trials have clearly shown the efficacy of anticoagulation and/or anti-platelet aggregation in different thrombotic disorders. However, real-world practice clearly indicates that antithrombotic strategies need to be personalized according to patient characteristics, such as age, concomitant diseases already requiring antithrombotic drugs, or risk for bleeding. In this regard, the combination of multiple antithrombotic drugs represents a challenging scenario and was therefore the focus of multiple recent randomized controlled trials. However, several gray areas still persist.

This Special Issue, by collecting the points of view of authoritative international research groups, gives an updated overview of the state of the art, as well as of the most promising future prospects for mechanisms of thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy.

> **Giovanni Cimmino and Plinio Cirillo** *Editors*
