*Article* **Joint Effect of Ultrasonic Vibrations and Solid Metal Addition on the Grain Refinement of an Aluminium Alloy**

**Dmitry Eskin 1,2,\* and Feng Wang <sup>1</sup>**


Received: 21 December 2018; Accepted: 27 January 2019; Published: 1 February 2019

**Abstract:** It is well known that it takes some time for the solid phase to completely dissolve upon melting, especially inside the defects of insoluble particles, e.g. oxides. Until then the oxides remain active solidification substrates in the case of subsequent solidification. It is also known that ultrasonic melt treatment causes grain refinement through activation and dispersion of solidification substrates (one of the mechanisms) and also accelerates the dissolution of solid metal in the melt. In this study we combine these effects and demonstrate that the introduction of an alloy rod into the matrix melt of the same composition results in significant grain refinement, this effect is increased by the ultrasonic vibration of the rod. The achieved grain size is comparable to that obtained by a standard Al–Ti–B grain refiner. All samples were cast using a standard TP-1 mould to enable correct comparison. The effects of the temperature range of the rod introduction as well as the application of ultrasonic vibrations are discussed.

**Keywords:** aluminium alloy; grain refinement; ultrasonic processing; solidification; nucleation; dissolution
