*2.3. Survey Questionnaire*

We asked the participants to complete a survey questionnaire collecting information about their sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, and living arrangements. Education was defined by the number of years for completion based on the Japanese education system [44], while the living arrangement was defined as alone or with family if more than one family member. Information on health included exercise and smoking habits, and chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke were collected from the participants.

### *2.4. Physical Component Assessments*

We determined the participants' body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and percent body fat using a body composition analyzer InBody770 (InBody, Tokyo, Japan) with a bio-electrical impedance. The BMI (kg/m2) was defined as the weight divided by the square of the height. Skeletal muscle mass was the summation of the mass of the upper and lower extremities [45,46], body fat mass was the summation of fat at the surface level and internal fat, and percent body fat, an indicator of the risk of obesity, was body fat mass divided by total weight [47].
