Sentinel-2

Free sentinel data were accessed from Copernicus open access hub (https://scihub. copernicus.eu/, accessed on 22 November 2022) and provided the free Sentinel-2 data (Level 2A product reflectance) used in the current study, which covered the period from January 2018 to December 2022. The data were resampled to a resolution of 10 m. The images were stacked and used for additional processing.

Landsat-8/9

From January 2018 to December 2022, the Landsat 8/9 OLI were downloaded (http: //earthexplorer.usgs.gov, accessed on 22 November 2022). Bands 10 and 11 are available in the TIR region on the Landsat 8 TIRS sensor. These thermal bands have a native spatial resolution of 100 m but were resampled and released by USGS at 30m. Digital Numbers (DC) were converted to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance using radiometric coefficients contained in the metadata. Using Jiménez-Muoz et al. algorithm, the TOA bands were converted into brightness temperatures, and the water surface temperature was generated [13].
