3.2.8. Rainfall

Rainfall is a key aspect in this study as floods most commonly occur during monsoon season, hence the term "rain-induced floods". The rainfall map of the study area is generated using the Inverse Distance Weighted approach (IDW) from Global Precipitation Measurement datasets. The map is generated considering the annual total rainfall of year 2021 as 2021 was a flood year.

### 3.2.9. Population Density

One of the critical elements to consider while conducting flood vulnerability research is population density. This component is important for analyzing the social loss and damage suffered by communities in flood-vulnerable areas as a result of floods. The population density map for the study area is obtained from Google Earth Engine databases of population density gridded data with ≈1 km of spatial resolution.
