**Influence of Pulsed, Scanning and Constant (16- and 24-h) Modes of LED Irradiation on the Physiological, Biochemical and Morphometric Parameters of Lettuce Plants (***Lactuca sativa* **L.) while Cultivated in Vertical Farms**

**Alexandr A. Smirnov 1,\*, Natalya A. Semenova 1, Alexey S. Dorokhov 1, Yuri A. Proshkin 1, Maria M. Godyaeva 1, Vladimir Vodeneev 2, Vladimir Sukhov 2, Vladimir Panchenko <sup>3</sup> and Narek O. Chilingaryan <sup>1</sup>**

	- <sup>3</sup> Department of Mechanics, Russian University of Transport, 127994 Moscow, Russia

**Abstract:** In city farming, when growing green crops, a significant part of the production cost is the cost of electricity for lighting. The physiology, biochemistry, morphology and productivity of plants can be affected by changing irradiation modes and these changes reduce electricity costs. However, the results of studies in the literature are contradictory. In this work, we investigated the effect of impulse (frequency 1000 Hz and duty cycle 67%), scanning (the principle of running lights) and constant 16 h and 24 h modes of operation of white light LED irradiators on the physiological, biochemical and morphometric parameters of lettuce with red and green leaves. The daytime integral of light in all variants remained unchanged ~15.6 mol m−<sup>2</sup> day<sup>−</sup>1. Daily electricity consumption also did not differ significantly. Plants were grown on racks in a climatic chamber up to 35 days of age. For lettuce with red leaves, the most optimal for biomass accumulation and synthesis of anthocyanins was the impulse illumination mode, while for lettuce with green leaves, no statistically significant differences in biomass were observed under different irradiation modes. For red-leaved lettuce, it was found that the highest concentration of carotenoids in the leaf was observed under constant (24 h) and scanning irradiation, which is associated with a more active reaction of the photosynthetic system to prolonged irradiation and increased intensity during scanning irradiation. Also, increased photosynthetic activity was found in both varieties of lettuce at 16 h of operation of LED irradiators, which, however, did not affect their final productivity. The results may be useful for the development of LED illuminators for use in rack growing.

**Keywords:** pulsed LED light; continuous LED; scanning LED light; energy saving; lettuce; vertical farms; growth; cultivation
