*Article* **Thermal Methane Cracking on Molten Metal: Kinetics Modeling for Pilot Reactor Design**

**Emma Palo 1, Vittoria Cosentino 1,\*, Gaetano Iaquaniello 1, Vincenzo Piemonte <sup>2</sup> and Emmanuel Busillo <sup>3</sup>**


**Abstract:** Up to 80% of hydrogen production is currently carried out through CO2 emission-intensive natural gas reforming and coal gasification. Water-splitting electrolysis using renewable energy (green H2) is the only process that does not emit greenhouses gases, but it is a quite energy-demanding process. To significantly contribute to the clean energy transition, it is critical that low-carbon hydrogen production routes that can replace current production methods and can expand production capacity to meet new demands are developed. A new path, alternative to steam reforming coupled with CCS (blue H2) that is based on methane cracking, in which H2 production is associated with solid carbon instead of CO2 (turquoise H2), has received increasing attention recent years. The reaction takes place inside the liquid bath, a molten metal reactor. The aim of this article is to model the main kinetic mechanisms involved in the methane cracking reaction with molten metals. The model developed was validated using experimental data produced by the University of La Sapienza. Finally, such a model was used to scale up the reactor architecture.

**Keywords:** hydrogen; methane cracking; molten metal process; modeling; CO2 free process
