*4.3. Comparison with Other Methods*

Table 5 demonstrates the number and accuracy of identified minerals for existing mineral detection methods. In contrast to the dual-energy CT chemometric calibration method [34], our work does not require the use of instruments for the medical X-ray tomography of minerals. Compared to the method using polarized light microscopy to obtain images [10], which can only identify five minerals, our method can identify 50 species with similar accuracy. Similarly, compared to the work of Julio et al. [11] which could only distinguish between resin and quartz, we were able to differentiate more minerals and maintain a similar accuracy. Furthermore, in contrast, we do not need special instruments to obtain the picture data under the polarized light microscope, we only need to take pictures of the minerals to perform the identification. In contrast to the work of Zeng et al. [16] who used Mohs hardness and images to identify minerals, our work does not require the use of instruments to obtain Mohs hardness. It is worth noting that the aforementioned work on identification using mineral images was experimentally measured using images taken under normal lighting, and when experiments were conducted using images taken under excessively dark or excessively bright conditions, the accuracy rate would be reduced to varying degrees.


**Table 5.** Comparison of deep learning-based and image-based mineral identification works.
