5.4.3. Atopic Dermatitis

A variety of primary immunodeficiencies have cutaneous manifestations. In the case of sIgAD, nonspecific cutaneous finding is eczematous dermatitis. Here, similarly to other allergic manifestations, there is a huge variety in the prevalence reported in different studies, which could be caused by ethnic diversity and, also, by different algorithms for atopic dermatitis diagnosis. Therefore, in a study performed by Aghamohammadi, the prevalence was 52% [10], but in the study of Magen, it was only 4.6%, however, it was still higher than in the control group [147]. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis among patients with SIgAD is presented in Table 3.

Moreover, Orivari et al., showed that the levels of secretory IgA in breast milk were inversely associated with the development of atopic dermatitis up to 2 and 4 years [148] among breastfeeding children. In a different study, though, such connection was not found [149].

Moreover, people with higher IgA levels and Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the gastrointestinal tract are less susceptible to the development of eczema [150].


**Table 3.** Atopic dermatitis and sIgAD.

5.4.4. Allergic Rhinitis and Conjunctivitis

Serum IgA level in children under the age of 4 with positive skin-prick test was significantly lower than in healthy population, also allergic rhinitis and eczema were connected with a low level of salivary IgA [152]. The frequency of allergic rhinitis among patients with sIgAD in a study performed in Turkey was 27.2% [101], while the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in Turkish school-age children was 16.9% [153]. The presence of allergic rhinitis was only accepted if it was diagnosed by a physician. Furthermore, in a different study, the prevalence of allergic-rhinoconjunctivitis tended to be increased in the sIgAD group and was reported to be 37.5% [137]. Across all studies in this review, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis among patients with SIgAD is presented in Table 4.

**Table 4.** Allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis and sIgAD.

