*Article* **Energy–Carbon Emissions Nexus Causal Model towards Low-Carbon Products in Future Transport-Manufacturing Industries**

**Olukorede Tijani Adenuga \*, Khumbulani Mpofu and Ragosebo Kgaugelo Modise**

> Department of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-Campus, Pretoria 0183, South Africa

**\*** Correspondence: olukorede.adenuga@gmail.com; Tel.: +27-(061)-6318731

**Abstract:** Climate change is progressing faster than previously envisioned. Efforts to mitigate the challenges of greenhouse gas emissions by countries through the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has resulted in continuous environmental improvements in the energy efficiency and carbon emission signatures of products. In this paper, an energy–carbon emissions nexus causal model was applied using the Leontief Input–Output mathematical model for low-carbon products in future transport-manufacturing industries., The relationship between energy savings, energy efficiency, and the carbon intensity of products for the carbon emissions signature of the future transport manufacturing in South Africa was established. The interrelationship between the variables resulted in a 29% improvement in the total energy intensity of the vehicle body part products, 7.22% in the cumulative energy savings, and 16.25% in the energy efficiency. The scope that has been examined in this paper will be interesting to agencies of government, researchers, policymakers, business owners, and practicing engineers in future transport manufacturing and could serve as a fundamental guideline for future studies in these areas.

**Keywords:** energy–carbon emissions nexus; causal model; low-carbon product; future transportmanufacturing industries
