*Article* **Numerical Simulation of Slag Entrainment by Vortex Flux during Tapping at Converter**

**Chengyong Huang 1,2, Ye Sun 1,2, Wei Liu 1,2,\*, Jingshe Li 1,2, Shufeng Yang 1,2 and Jianfeng Dong 1,2**


**\*** Correspondence: liuwei@ustb.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-152-1060-2862

**Abstract:** In order to improve the yield of steel produced in the converter and the quality of the molten steel, and to understand the distribution of the flow field in the converter and ladle during the steelmaking process, the CFD fluid simulation software Fluent 2020 R2 was used to analyze the flow field of the converter static steelmaking process. The aperture of the steel outlet and the timing of the vortex formation under different angles were studied, as well as the disturbance level of the injection flow in the ladle molten pool. The study revealed that in the steelmaking process, the emergence of tangential vectors caused the entrainment of slag by the vortex, whereas in the later stages of steelmaking, the turbulent flow of slag disrupted the vortex, resulting in its dissipation. When the converter angle increases to 90◦, 95◦, 100◦, and 105◦, the eddy current occurrence time is 43.55 s, 66.44 s, 68.80 s, and 72.30 s, and the eddy current stabilization time is 54.10 s, 70.36 s, 70.95 s, and 74.26 s, respectively. When the converter angle is 100–105◦, it is suitable to add alloy particles into the ladle molten pool. When the tapping port diameter is 220 mm, the eddy current inside the converter changes and the mass flow rate of the tapping port is "oscillating". When the aperture of the steel outlet was 210 mm, the steelmaking time could be shortened by about 6 s without affecting the internal flow field structure of the converter.

**Keywords:** converter; vortex; flow field analysis; numerical simulation
