*Article* **Skill Needs for Sustainable Agri-Food and Forestry Sectors (I): Assessment through European and National Focus Groups**

**Luis Mayor 1,\*, Line F. Lindner 1, Christoph F. Knöbl 1, Ana Ramalho 1,2, Remigio Berruto 3, Francesca Sanna 3, Daniele Rossi 4, Camilla Tomao 4, Billy Goodburn 5, Concha Avila 6, Marg Leijdens 7, Katharina Stollewerk 8, Michael Bregler 9, Christos Koidis 10, Alexandre Morin 11, Vesna Miliˇci´c 12, Giulia Fadini 13, Jonas Lazaro-Mojica <sup>14</sup> and Patrizia Busato <sup>3</sup>**


**Abstract:** The agri-food and forestry sectors are under increasing pressure to adapt to climate change, consumer concern, technological and economic change, and complex global value chains. In turn, such challenges require that the necessary skills and competences are identified at various levels and within specific areas of the sectors. For that purpose, eleven focus groups in nine different EU-countries and two at EU-level were organized within the ERASMUS+ project "FIELDS" with the participation of farmers, cooperatives, agri-food companies, foresters, forest industries, advisors, and education providers to identify the skills needed in the agri-food and forestry sectors. The focus group participants identified business and strategic management skills, communication skills, and other skills related to sustainability, entrepreneurship, digital and soft skills to be most important for the agri-food and forestry sectors as a whole.

**Keywords:** education; training; skill needs; farmers; food industry; forestry; focus groups

#### **1. Introduction**

Climate change, the greening of products and processes, the reuse of side-stream products, the raised complexity of value chains, and the increased availability of informationdriven novel challenges and opportunities in the agri-food and forestry sectors. Agri-food systems are highly dependent on climatic changes and integrally considered major world players in the fight for long term natural resource sustainability and a critical subsystem for the climate change challenge [1,2]. Furthermore, the agri-food and forestry sectors are more and more affected by enabling ICT technologies in practically all parts of the value chain. Such developments draw both sectors into a stream of global level innovation and lead to a readjustment of skills and job profiles.

**Citation:** Mayor, L.; Lindner, L.F.; Knöbl, C.F.; Ramalho, A.; Berruto, R.; Sanna, F.; Rossi, D.; Tomao, C.; Goodburn, B.; Avila, C.; et al. Skill Needs for Sustainable Agri-Food and Forestry Sectors (I): Assessment through European and National Focus Groups. *Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, 9607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su14159607

Academic Editors: Mariarosaria Lombardi, Erica Varese and Vera Amicarelli

Received: 6 June 2022 Accepted: 1 August 2022 Published: 4 August 2022

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**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

To successfully address and react to these drivers, the agri-food and forestry workforce needs new skills and competences, which, in turn, require the identification of needed existing and emerging skills in the categories of bioeconomy, sustainability, and digital technology. This is necessary to develop a strategic approach keeping the European agrifood and forestry sectors competitive and sustainable in the long term [3,4].

Significant efforts have been invested in the assessment of skill needs in various working sectors in the last years [5], and in particular, research has been invested into the current and future agri-food and forestry workforce.

For the farming sector, literature reviews and bibliometric analyses have been performed on key trends and challenges for higher education regarding the development of a sustainable and resilient European economy [6]; specifically, farmers' entrepreneurship skills [7] and skill needs for professionals to engage in the transition towards sustainable agriculture [8]. Moreover, empirical research, such as surveys and focus groups, have been conducted examining skill needs in the precision agriculture workforce [9]; personal, communication, and leadership skills desired for agricultural and natural resources industry leaders [10]; and skill needs and competences for agronomists to promote sustainable agriculture [11].

Flynn et al. [12] organized workshops with food industry employers to identify the most desired knowledge, skills, and competences in the food industry workforce. Mayor et al. [13] compared the results by Flynn et al. [12] and carried out a survey to food industry professionals assessing training needs. Furthermore, Handayani et al. [14] performed surveys to identify green skill needs for food industry vocational graduates assessing the current skills in small and medium enterprises in the Thai food industry, and Akyazi et al. [15] developed a database on current and future skills emerging within Industry 4.0 for different food industry professional profiles.

The forestry skills forum, in its forestry workforce 2021 research report (forestry skills forum [16], highlighted the increased importance and lack of non-forestry skills, such as business and commercial skills, digital skills, and marketing/promotional skills. Forestry programs' performance in terms of provision of knowledge and skills for contemporary forestry professionals was assessed [17], while Blanc et al. [18] identified the forestry training sector stakeholders in the Western Italian Alps and described their characteristics and priorities in relation to training activities on entrepreneurial topics for forestry loggers.

The ERASMUS+ "FIELDS" project started in 2020 and aims at addressing the current and future skill needs for sustainability, digitalization, and bioeconomy in the agri-food and forestry sectors. When the project began in 2020, project partners encroached upon the assessment of skill needs through a set of activities that begun with the organization of focus groups (FGs), followed by a European survey and with the implementation of a future scenario analysis. All these activities were complementary and used later in the project to design training activities in different European countries.

FGs are small group discussions in which participants respond to a series of questions focused on a single topic. A skilled facilitator meets with five to twelve people to collect indepth qualitative information about the group's ideas, perceptions, attitudes, or experiences on the defined topic [19]. FGs originate in marketing research as a method of collecting information about consumer perceptions and attitudes. Today, FGs are a common data collection technique in behavioral and social sciences, business, and in many other areas of knowledge production [20–22]. More specifically in education and training, FGs have been used in different activities, such as training needs assessment, the development of new training methodologies, curricula improvement, and marketing strategies for educational programs [23–25].

FG discussions typically involve face-to-face facilitation, although there is growing interest in utilizing digital technologies to conduct online FGs because of the many advantages: they are easier to attend, it is possible to recruit participants from different locations and the time and resources organizations spend are significantly reduced [26]. Another

advantage is that by using online web-conferencing tools, FGs can be easily recorded, making the collection and processing of data easier and less time consuming.

In the FIELDS project, eleven FGs were carried out in nine countries during the period of May to July 2020 to assess the skills and training needs of current and future professionals of the agri-food and forestry sectors in the areas of sustainability, bioeconomy, digitalization, soft skills, and business entrepreneurship skills. The FGs, organized at national (all sectors) and at European Level (Forestry sector and Policy issues), tackled several aspects related to skill needs and best methodologies to carry out the required training. The results were later used to develop a European survey on skill needs [27] and to support a future scenario analysis on the same topic. Due to the COVID pandemic, FGs were held in online synchronous mode.

This work shows the findings of the first part of the FIELDS FGs related to skill needs, and also on the FG on policy aspects linked to those needs.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Focus Group Guidelines*

FG guidelines were prepared by FIELDS project partners to plan, conduct, and report the findings of the FGs, making sure that a common methodology was followed in all of them. Due to the COVID-19 situation in spring of 2020, it was decided to conduct all FGs online using online web-conferencing tools and following guidelines providing specific online set-up recommendations. While the FGs were structured into two main sections on skill needs and training methods, this paper deals only with the results from the first section on skill needs.

#### *2.2. Focus Group Organization*

In the recruitment phase, FG organizers recruited between five and ten participants per FG from at least five of the following stakeholder profiles: farmers, cooperatives, agrifood companies, foresters, forest industries, advisors, education providers, and others (policy makers, market actors, consumers, etc.) and participants with proven experience and/or representing sectors at national level. For the European Forestry and Policy FGs, European associations representing the education, food, and forest industries, farmers and farm cooperatives, and trade unions were recruited. FG organizers sent invitations to participants including an information sheet about the project and an informed consent form to be filled in by participants beforehand.

#### *2.3. Data Collection Previous to the Focus Groups*

Skill categories on (A1) sustainability, (A2) digitalization, (A3) bioeconomy, (A4) soft skills, and (A5) business entrepreneurship were prepared by project partners allowing for input from different perspectives and backgrounds: companies, education providers (vocational education and training organizations, high schools and universities), chambers of commerce, national associations of cooperatives and agri-food companies, European representatives of the agri-food and forestry sectors, and others. Within the skill category of bioeconomy, it was decided to distinguish between agriculture (Table A3a), forestry (Table A3b), and food industry (Table A3c) skills. The resulting five FIELDS skills lists are outlined in Appendix A.

For the sake of simplicity, skill lists were shortened, skill concepts kept short, and the term "skills" was identified as a set of knowledge, skills, and competences related to a certain topic (as an example, the skill "communication" included the knowledge, skills, and competences related to communication, and the same applied to all the skills appearing in the lists).

The five skill lists were sent to all FG participants beforehand. Participants were asked to rank in order of importance (where one was most important and five least important), on each of the five skills lists, the five most important skills for the sector they represent (e.g., farmer, forester, food industry, etc.). Furthermore, participants were asked to look at

their rankings on each of the five skills lists and select the 10 overall most important skills among all 25 skills and rank them in order of importance (where 1 was the most important and 10 the least important). Data was collected by email through excel sheets.

#### *2.4. Running of the Focus Groups*

In the period from May to July 2020, eleven online FGs were held, nine at national level (in Italy, Ireland, Spain/Portugal, Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Greece, France, and Slovenia) and two at a pan-European level (forestry sector training needs and EU policy issues). Table 1 shows the composition of the FGs.


**Table 1.** Composition of the FGs.

Superscripts correspond to affiliation information.

Each of the FGs followed the same procedure of conduction and the same questions (except for the FG Policy) were posed in all of them. All FGs included a facilitator and a rapporteur, both from the FG organizing institution, who both acted as observers and from whom no data was collected. In the first section of the FG, participants were asked to present the three most important skills on their top 10 list and explain why these skills were important for them, following a Round Robin format [19], where the facilitator asked each person to respond to the same question in turn. The FGs followed a list of questions related to skill needs and training methodologies, although this article focuses on the first *Round Robin* part.

On average, each FG lasted two hours. They were conducted in the national languages with different online web-conferencing tools (GoToMeeting, Zoom, etc.) and digitally recorded for the further processing of information.

#### *2.5. Reporting*

Each FG organizer was asked to prepare:


#### **3. Results and Discussion**

#### *3.1. Most Important Skills, All Countries, All Sectors*

Ninety-five participants carried out the 10-ranking exercise. Figure 1 shows the most selected skills in the 10-rankings, considering working sectors and countries as a whole.

**Figure 1.** Most selected skills from the skills lists, 10-ranking exercise. In brackets skill numbers from Appendix A tables.

Viewed independently of the sector or country participants represent, skills related to *business planning/model and strategic management* were deemed very important, followed by communication skills. Skills related to doing business, including business management and planning and financial and economic understanding were relevant to all types of stakeholders represented in the FGs. As a cooperative advisor said in the Spanish/Portuguese FG: "All our farmers, forest producers, industries, are in a field of economic development and it must be very clear what their role is, how value is generated, how profit is generated. I have seen how farmers have been successful, even as entrepreneurs, many times in businesses that they did not know [ ... ] But I think they started from a base of understanding the business". Additionally, the need for understanding business and where it is going so as to adapt to current and future challenges was mentioned: "we need to sort of reassess what we do on a day-to-day basis, we can't push additional costs onto the customer, and understand where business is going and be prepared for what's happening in the future" (agri-food industry, Irish FG). In this sense, Bröring and Vanaker [28] stressed the need for designing new business models from a bioeconomy perspective to enable the translation of new emerging technologies into value propositions and, thus, product–market applications.

Following skills related to *business planning/model and strategic management*, FG participants identified *digital skills* to be very important. While digitalization is here to stay, participants also recognized that digital skills entail communication skills and that the acquisition of more demanding digital skills is equally important. As an education provider said in the French FG: "[ ... ] is something that is of fundamental importance today and we realize that codes and instructions for use are not necessarily mastered by everyone". In the same vein, the European Commission stated: "Information and communication technologies profoundly and irreversibly affect the ways of working, accessing knowledge, socializing, communicating, collaborating—and succeeding—in all areas of the professional, social, and personal life of European young people and citizens" [29].

FG participants addressed the importance of *communication skills* at different levels: among day-to-day collaborators, among different actors of the agri-food and forestry sectors, and with consumers and society in general; emphasizing not only one-way communication but as a tool for engagement and interaction with networks and for collaboration concerning higher-level topics, such as sustainability. As a cooperative participant in the Irish FG said: "there's a vast amount of stakeholders that we need to engage with whether

that's our own shareholders, board employees, customers, so I think communication skills are critical in terms of creating a rationale for change and making sustainability or some of the complex concepts much more accessible and putting them into more layperson's terms". Additionally, the ability to inform and create awareness about processes and decisions to various stakeholders was highlighted as an important aspect of communication skills: "I think that everywhere we have attacks on agriculture [ ... ] and that agriculture does not know how to communicate what it does, the food it produces daily for everyone and in the times we are living, is important the skill to communicate and learn to publish what we do" (farm advisor, Spanish/Portuguese FG). Communication and social cooperation were identified as skills strongly related to employability for the 21st century [30].

Skills related to sustainability were selected by participants and within this category skills for *mitigation and adaptation to climate change*, *by-products and coproducts valorization*, and *good agricultural practices* particularly. Skills for *mitigation and adaptation to climate change* were regarded as important to find solutions to exacerbate climate conditions and important for contributing to more sustainable and adaptable agri-food and forestry sectors. As a farmer of the Austrian FG commented: "[ ... ] weather and the climate are constantly changing and extreme weather events must be taken into account, and we must find solutions to this and make adjustments, especially in the producing sector of agriculture". Skills for mitigating and adapting to climate change were also connected to communication skills and the ability to inform and create awareness in society about actions taken by key actors for environmental sustainability. As a cooperative participant from the Irish FG emphasized: "It's absolutely critical that we will be employing people that know this, that are able to talk about this and who can basically go one-to-one with de NGOs and others that are attacking our sector". Skills for valorizing *by products and co-products* were found important in the context of circular economy, resource efficiency, and conservation; their use as an energy source; for innovative product development; or as an opportunity for creating or relocating jobs. As a representative from an agri-food company in France said: "I think that a fundamental element for the bioeconomy is also the knowledge of potential resources, and more specifically the biomass field, there is training to be done in this area"; an Austrian farmer commented: "By-product use and economic usability, is again connected with the bioeconomy, that new value added chains can open up, and if you have something innovative that you can bring to market"; and a French education provider indicated: "When you need jobs that cannot be relocated, the bioeconomy is one of the major activities that allows that, the valorization of co-products is one of them". Skills for *good agricultural practices* from a sustainability perspective were also selected as important for solving day-to-day problems in farming operations, while the normative aspect of these practices was also noted as a market requirement. As a cooperative participant in the Greek FG said: "It is not enough just to harvest and transport to the premises of the cooperative, the product must also meet all these characteristics required by the market. The standards that our customers ask (GLOBAL GAP, ISO ... ) are essentially the standards that we give priority to our producers". In this regard, viewing practitioners as change-agents in the move towards more sustainable agri-food chains was also maintained. As an advisor in the Iris FG commented: "[ ... ] to have and to get really simple practices out there into practice on farms to try and give people the confidence, and I suppose an attitude change to how they can do an awful lot to contribute towards those challenges in terms of climate".

Skills for *sustainable forest management practices and planning* were also regarded as important, including forest regulations on sustainability. As a farmer participant in the Austrian FG put it: "[ ... ] forestry already has many regulations on sustainability, and yet there is still more pressure coming from the NGOs in the direction of more and stricter sustainability requirements in the forestry sector". Additionally, innovative forestry practices and products were highlighted: "there are some sustainable products, what you can or cannot make out of wood, so there is also the term non-timber forest products. I believe that a great deal of knowledge can and should still be created here" (forest industry, Austrian FG).

Soft skills related to *organization, planning, visioning, and strategic thinking* were mentioned as important for looking ahead and making sound and long-term choices and decisions. As a cooperative participant of the Spanish/Portuguese FG said: "To do a strategic planning, your digitization needs, your logistics needs, your training of personnel. Not in all agri-food companies has the culture of strategic planning been acquired and it is fundamental". Along the same lines, an education provider in the Slovenian FG pointed out: "We focus too much on the present or on some short-term survival decision-making. Too little emphasis is given to strategic thinking". Bikse et al. [30] identified *perspective taking* as a core skill for employability in the 21st century and also as organizational skills [15].

*Skills for the efficient use of resources and logistics* were regarded as important for sustainability and for business reasons. Skills for *handling and analyzing data* were seen not only as technical skills but also related to issues such as GDPR and ethics. As an education provider in the Spanish/Portuguese FG said: "This is not only the matter of analyzing the information at a technical level, but it also has many things associated with it: using our personal data and privacy issues, ethical issues ... that is, using the information well". Furthermore, creating awareness about the strong potential that data handling and analysis may have in agriculture and forestry was emphasized by a farmer in the French FG: "Data processing and analysis aspect is only in its infancy. Farmers are big producers of data, but these are not fully exploited because of a lack of effective and competent treatment, certainly on the part of farmers. There is also a lack of visualization of the interest that this can have, particularly in pooling and massifying data". As reported by the European Commission [31], the transition towards Industry 4.0 will require workers to interact with digital interfaces and analyze larger amounts of data in their day-to-day decisions. The awareness of data security and protection will acquire importance as will trust in new technologies.

FG participants' ranking of the most important skills, considering working sectors and countries as a whole (Figure 2), show that the non-technical skills of business and entrepreneurship and soft skills (together accounting for 40% of all skills), followed by sustainability and digital skills, predominate the ranking, while technical bioeconomy skills in the agri-food and forestry sectors are less pre-eminent.

**Figure 2.** Distribution of skills in categories, 10-ranking exercise.

#### *3.2. Most Important Skills by Producing Sector*

#### 3.2.1. Farmers

When seen independently, farmers also selected *business planning/model and strategic management* as the most important skill (Figure 3). This is in line with McElwee [32] asserting that farmers are businesspeople running businesses, but in practice they do not necessarily have well-defined business skills. Previous studies suggested that a minority of farmers have a vision or mission statements in written form, and many have no strategic mission at all [33]. Bailey et al. [34], after conducting focus groups with young farmers, found a need for more education relating to agriculture business management skills. Dias et al. [7] stated that farmers can be considered as entrepreneurs and decision-makers aiming to maximize profits to develop various typologies of agricultural diversification. In this sense the authors, based on previous literature, emphasized the importance of differentiating between entrepreneurial skills and management skills. Entrepreneurship is more than management as it is increasingly centered on innovation, risk-taking, and the discovery and exploitation of opportunities [35]. Although successful business creation also requires management skills, it is the entrepreneurial attitude which allows for perceiving opportunities [36]. In the FGs, recognizing business opportunities was included as part of *business planning/model and strategic management* (see Table A5, skill 5.7), inducing that FG participants may have perceived this skill as including both management and entrepreneurial skills.

**Figure 3.** Most selected skills by farmers. In brackets are the skill numbers from Appendix A tables.

Following from *business planning/model and strategic management*, farmers deemed sustainability skills to include *mitigation and adaptation to climate change*, *good agricultural practices*, *water management*, and *soil nutrient and health management* very important. Previous studies suggest that agricultural professionals are not prepared to promote sustainable agriculture [8,11,37]. On water management, FG participants stressed the importance of water (quantity and quality) in agriculture: "It all starts with the water. If there is water, everything can be accomplished" (farmer, Greek FG). Planning and managing technologies and legislation were considered important aspects for training: "There are many advances in technology to do good water management, but we also have to go deep into planning and management, at the level of the European policies. Either we learn to manage properly in this climate change situation that increases conflicts, or we will do a disservice to the next generations" (farmer, Spanish/Portuguese FG). For soil nutrient and health management, the proper soil management and its relation to circularity and sustainability were seen as important topics for participants: "Since resources are becoming scarce, it is actually becoming much more important to operate more circularly and to look at the end how one can produce more sustainably" (farmer, French FG). Similar studies have identified areas where skill needs for a more sustainable agriculture are needed: precision technology; remote sensing to assess land capability; integrated pest management in plant protection; agricultural reuse of organic residuals; drip irrigation and water-conserving technologies; renewable energy; and bioenergy and energy crops [38].

Two skills related to communication follow in the list: *everyday use of digital technology to communicate* (digital skill) and *communication* (soft skill). Communication skills were also highlighted by Bailey et al. [34], who found that young farmers' desire to enhance their ability to communicate with family members, other people within their farm or ranch, and to develop the skills to communicate to a broader audience, such as loan officers and even the general public. Other works have also found communication skills very important for farmers and other agricultural workers [9–11].

Two digital skills follow in the ranking: *e-commerce and e-marketing* and *robot and drone technology*, and with the same number of citations the list finishes with *livestock efficiency/management/biosecurity* (bioeconomy–technical skill). Regarding *E-commerce and e-marketing*, the need for training was stressed on this set of skills. As a farmer from the Italian FG said: "[ ... ] it's not like you make a site and two minutes later you sell your products. With this, there's still some work to be done because logistics costs are not easy for farms. In Italy we always run into problems of logistics not so much with large-scale distribution but with private individual."; and from another farmer from the French FG: "The whole digitalization part is very important, we need it both for our crops, for farm management, and if we want to sell our products for direct sales. If the farmers who are selling directly are not professional enough in managing their site, then there's certainly something to work on that side of it".

#### 3.2.2. Cooperatives

*Cooperatives (values, legal framework and management)* and *communication* are the most selected skills (Figure 4) among cooperative representatives.

**Figure 4.** Most selected skills by cooperatives. In brackets skill numbers from Appendix A tables.

A cooperative participant in the Spanish FG remarked the importance of putting cooperatives in their current context: "[...] the objective of the farmer is to obtain a sustainable production and translate it into an appropriate income for his work and risk. This must be contextualized in terms of the problems of the sectoral organization, the positioning of farmers in the value chain and in relation to the context of climate change, use of natural resources, food security and globalization".

Regarding *communication*, as a participant in the Slovenian FG said: "Communication is essential. You need to know how to communicate with the members, to coordinate with them, also in the transaction itself, the purchase, such as for example why is it so, why not otherwise, why such price? If this works well, the cooperative has much less problems than if issues are handled without any discussions".

These findings are in concordance with the "Support for farmers' cooperatives" report [39], which indicated that general technical and entrepreneurial education and training of (future) employees, managers, and board members is necessary, as well as education and training on how cooperative identity translates into business activities. The report also suggested that all parties involved need to be aware of the specific characteristics of this form of collective entrepreneurship and to develop the capacity and the willingness to communicate with each other and jointly develop their businesses.

Skills for *mitigation and adaptation to climate change*; the *everyday use of digital technology to communicate*; and *analytical, critical and creative thinking* follow in the list. For the last, a cooperative participant from the Irish FG remarked on the lack of these skills in young alumni: "[ ... ] I see the lack of these skills in people who have just graduated, at the moment that there is an inability to kind of decipher between facts and fiction".

Five skills follow in the list with the same number of mentions: *by-products and co-products valorization*; *good agricultural practices*; *organization, planning, visioning and strategic thinking*; *conventional vs./and organic farming*; and *business planning/model and strategic management.*

#### 3.2.3. Agri-Food Companies

As observed for farmers as well as for agri-food company participants, *business planning/model and strategic management* (from the category business entrepreneurship skills) was the most selected skill followed by *communication* (soft skill); *ethics for food* (bioeconomy skill); *being resilient, adaptable and proactive* (soft skill); *organization, planning, visioning and strategic thinking* (soft skill); and *collaboration/cooperation across all sectors in the food chain* (business entrepreneurship skill) (Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** Most selected skills by agri-food companies. In brackets are the skill numbers from Appendix A tables.

Regarding the ability of *being resilient, adaptable, and proactive*, an agri-food company of the Slovenian FG said: "[ ... ] specially in the sense that you are able to adapt to change rapidly and that you are proactive when tackling challenges". It was also viewed as a requirement for group leaders: "being resilient and adaptable and proactive are for sort of management of people, management of the teams etc. Having the ability to deal with day-to-day life and to keep themselves going strong, being adaptable and being able to see changes and make the right decisions on a day-to-day basis" (agri-food industry, Irish FG).

For *collaboration and cooperation across all sectors in the food chain*, an advisor from the German FG commented: "I find this cooperation very important because I often see that there are problems in communication and cooperation, simply because there is no interest or no time or no know-how". It was also viewed as an opportunity to grow businesses: "Open communication in the value chain and pursue win-win situations (advisor, Dutch FG).

Nazzaro et al. [22], found that companies have turned towards business models based on social and environmental protections. Indeed, consumers' purchasing behavior lead stakeholders to adopt sustainable, socially-oriented production models in which natural and environmental resources become a lever for competitive advantage. Consequently, competitiveness changes to address sustainability and citizen-consumer issues.

Akyazi et al. [15] identified current and near-future key skills and competencies emerging with Industry 4.0, demanded by different professional profiles, and generated a database of current and future professions, competencies, and skills. They used the ESCO database of knowledge, skills and competences [40] for current skills and competencies, and data from the European ICT Professional Role Profiles framework and from several sectorial and inter-sectorial European projects for future skill needs and competences. The database focuses future industry needs on digital and soft skills, and some similarities with skills from Figure 5 can be found: *advanced communication skills*, *use of digital communication tools*, and *adaptability and continuous learning*. The need for soft skills, and communication skills in particular, for food industry workers has often been reported in the literature. Jack et al. [41] found shortages in planning and organizing skills in Northern Ireland Food industry workers, especially among managers and supervisors. Flynn et al. [12], in a survey found that the most desired skills for food industry employers were soft skills and more specifically those related to communication. Mayor et al. [13], comparing Flynn results with a survey to food industry employees, confirmed the importance of soft skills also for food industry workers, and also found that marketing, consumer science, and financial skills were evaluated as low by both employers and employees, a situation that may be hindering entrepreneurship. Topliceanu et al. [42] also identified new skills requested by the food industry labor market, such as "people of character, able to work in teams, communicative and capable to cope with stressful situations". Lertpiromsuk et al. [43], assessing current levels of skills in small and medium enterprises in the Thai food industry, found that social skills (including communication, team working, negotiation, etc.) and personal skills (including leadership, flexibility, continuous learning, working under pressure, etc.) are deemed very important for Industry 4.0.

#### 3.2.4. Forestry Sector

For the forestry sector (Forestry FG, Figure 6), overall bioeconomy–forestry and sustainability skills predominated with *sustainable forest management practices and planning* (the bioeconomy–forestry skill related to sustainability being the most selected skill followed by *everyday usage of digital technology to communicate* (digital skill) and *forest disease control and prevention* (bioeconomy–forestry skill); *mitigation and adaptation to climate change* (sustainability skill); *multifunctional forests and ecosystem services* (sustainability skill but related to forestry); *the prevention and management of natural disturbances* (bioeconomy–forestry skill); *communication* (soft skill); *national, EU, and international environmental policies; regulation, subsidy, and support programs* (sustainability skill); *water management* (sustainability skills); *the reforestation, afforestation, and restoration of forest ecosystems* (bioeconomy–forestry skill); and *new value chains/new business models* (business entrepreneurship skill).

**Figure 6.** Most selected skills for the forestry FG. In brackets are the skill numbers from Appendix A tables.

As an education provider in the Forestry FG said, *forest disease control and prevention* will need training in the coming years: "Forest Disease Control and Prevention is going to be rising at least here in Finland. As for climate change, there's not that much pests or diseases yet, so we're going to need new skills on that". Additionally, the importance of skills for *prevention and management of natural disturbances* in the future were brought up: "Here in the open range regions of Austria we will have to deal much more with prevention and management of natural disturbances. First, climate change also damages forests and so people have to be more assertive in these strategies and in the interaction between the forest owners and the wood processing industry" (Advisor, Forestry FG). For *national, EU, and international environmental policies and regulation, subsidy, and support programs*, some quotations can be shown but not from the Forestry FG, although they are representative of all the FG sectors. Quotations stress the importance of these knowledge/skills because regulations affect the business strategy, they are helpful in risk prevention and important to obtain national and European funding. As a farmer of the Spanish/Portuguese FG said: "We are in a situation where administrative regulation has been put in place above science, so if we want to focus on making farms profitable, we have to combine the two aspects [...] regulation, subsidies and support programs. In the end this is what marks the path that we are going to follow as farmers, it absolutely conditions the agricultural approach of a farm".

Communication skills have been considered an important need in the forestry sector at least since mid of the past century [44]. Written and oral communication are the basics demanded by forestry employers [45–47] but also communication skills in general [48]. In a broader sense, Bullard [49] reported that forestry employers, recent graduates, and educators agree that entry-level foresters must be better prepared than they are now in terms of communicating relevance and building strong relationships with key forestry stakeholders throughout society.

Bullard et al. [48], in focus groups and surveys to forestry employers and alumni, found that areas of knowledge on emerging issues for society-ready forestry graduates included climate change; water availability and quality; and dealing with invasive plants, pathogens, and insects. However, the skill sets and abilities that involve dealing effectively with people (communication, conflict management, problem solving, etc.) were those that

should be prioritized to strengthen the bachelor curricula. Moreover, assessing curricula content in forestry degree programs, Kelly and Brown [17] found that land-management skills should be the focus of curriculum improvement, while additionally, employers and students alike identified professional skills to be very important, especially behaving professionally and ethically and communicating effectively.

More recently, The Forestry Skills Forum [16], emphasized the need for enforcing the core silvicultural knowledge taught across all levels of forestry education, the importance of non-forestry skills, and the general lack of business and commercial acumen, digital skills, marketing/promotional skills, and those of communication and engagement.

#### 3.2.5. Similarities and Differences among Sectors

Skills related to business planning, business management, and business modelling were very important for all FG participants, independent of the producing sector they pertained to. This is supported by the fact that *business planning/model and strategic management* was the most selected skill for farmers and agri-food companies and *cooperative skills* for the cooperatives sector and *sustainable forest management practices and planning* for the forestry sector. Essentially, strategic planning is about setting visions for an organization and realizing that visioning through goals, strategies, and actions; entailing on the one hand the ability to see the big picture and draw road maps, thereby planning, organizing, and executing tasks; and on the other hand, entailing the ability to communicate the vision, goals, tasks, and necessary steps to employees. Participants associated the basis of understanding business, the role of the company, its viability, and how value and profit are generated with this skill. Indeed, business planning and strategic management is very much related to the ability to adapt and respond to current and future technological, environmental, social, and economic challenges.

Communication skills appear to be also very important for all the sectors with *communication* and *everyday usage of digital technology to communicate* being the two skills among the most selected for all of them. The ability to use digital technologies to communicate and the ability to communicate overall were seen as fundamental skills in transferring information to others and in engaging with immediate stakeholders as a means of transferring information about complex concepts, such as sustainability, in an easily understandable way. Several FGs also discussed the broader concept of communication and the importance of engaging with civil society (particularly important for the forestry sector), connecting with consumers and other stakeholders not only for marketing and management purposes but also for sustainability purposes.

A shift towards business and soft skills is observed when advancing in the agri-food value chain from farmers to cooperatives and in the food industry where sustainability and digital skills predominate for farmers but are replaced by business and soft skills for cooperatives and the food industry. It seems that, from the FG participants' perspective, skills related to sustainability are critical for producing raw materials and less important when the raw produce is available in the food chain.

#### *3.3. Main Outcomes from the Policy Focus Group*

#### 3.3.1. Focus Group Design and Implementation

With representatives from agriculture, food industry and forestry sectors, and education at European level, the FG on EU policy issues produced a set of recommendations on how to improve the current policy framework on skills and training in the agri-food and forestry sectors:

To set up the particular goals of this FG, the guiding topics were the following:


particularly to the sectors specified. This matter had the intended outcome to have some recommendations on the next steps regarding EU policy.

#### 3.3.2. Skill Lists Used in the National and Forestry Focus Groups

Policy FG participants found the skill lists exhaustive and appropriate for managing the expectations of the labor market. Nevertheless, since the "skills" are defined in a wide sense, it was recommended to expand the lists when used in the design of training and to be more specific in terms of knowledge, skills, and competences for each of the skills of the lists.

For the same purpose of training development and adaptation to the ESCO classification [40], participants recommended the organization of skills into a hierarchy in two ways: considering the level of education (basic, intermediate, higher education) and the level of application (general skills and specific skills that are not essential for all employees but needed in certain sectors or ESCO job profiles).

In accordance with national FGs, policy FG participants agreed on the importance of developing new skills and competences to better communicate with society and increase consumers' trust in the agri-food and forestry sectors, particularly in aspects, such as environmental and social sustainability and risk management.

#### 3.3.3. Improvement of the EU Policy Landscape

The first aspect tackled by policy FG participants was the harmonization of national educational systems for job profiles and related skills. When it comes to training activities, there is often no equal recognition in different EU countries and there is a clear discrepancy between the national and international level training. Referring to the ESCO framework, which includes all skills [40], participants highlighted the challenge of harmonizing skill concepts between countries or regions, as it is often difficult to understand the names of job positions and the skills needed because of the language barrier and as the definition of a job position and related skills are different among EU countries. Further dialogue is needed to overcome these differences since skills and training might differ among national and international policies but needs do not.

Furthermore, policy FG participants stressed the lack of understanding of the current skill challenges faced by employers and employees in the agri-food and forestry sectors. Participants agreed that the "Social Dialogue" should be strengthened, fostering communication between employers and employees at both EU and member state level, and on relevant topics such as how to train the current workforce. A cross-sectorial stakeholder dialogue (policy, academic, corporate, etc., actors) was also identified as particularly important to develop skills addressing contemporary economic and sustainability issues [6].

Social partners must provide evidence-based practices for policy makers. Good examples in this field are the recognition of universities as capacity-building entities or projects that bring together a community of different organizations and experts around a specific topic. Another best practice, as suggested by participants, could be to ensure access to lifelong learning for the entire workforce, which is, in general, poorly trained in the farming sector [33]. In the end, the exchange of best practices is a powerful tool to improve EU policy.

Finally, the need to increase the attractiveness of the agri-food and forestry sectors was stressed as one of the main causes of the continuous decline of the labor force in the last decades [50].

#### 3.3.4. Recommendations/Key Messages

The final recommendations/key messages of the policy FG are presented below:


#### **4. Conclusions**

Skills related to business planning, business management. and business modelling were very important for all the FG participants, independently of the producing sector they pertained to. As such, *business planning/model and strategic management* was the most selected skill for farmers and agri-food companies, *cooperatives* for the cooperatives sector, and *sustainable forest management practices and planning* for the forestry sector.

Communication skills appear to be also very important for all sectors, *communication* and the *everyday usage of digital technology to communicate* being the two skills that were among the most selected.

A shift towards business and soft skills was observed when advancing in the agrifood value chain (farmers–cooperatives–food industry). Sustainability and digital skills predominate in the lists for farmers, but these skills are replaced by business and soft skills for cooperatives and the food industry.

Differences among educational systems at a national level were discussed in the EU-policy FG and the need for further harmonization between EU and national policies regarding education was agreed. Education and training curricula must be adapted to sectorial needs, addressing the complexity of the food and forestry systems, establishing bigger sector alliances, and reinforcing the social dialogue. The need to increase the attractiveness of the agri-food and forestry sectors for the younger generation was also remarked.

Undoubtedly, the study has limitations related to the use of FGs that do not allow for the generalization of results; however, further empirical studies could be performed focusing on specific stakeholder groups in order to validate the research results. The results from the national and policy FGs fed into the complimentary development of a quantitative European-wide survey on skills needs and will form the basis for the implementation of a future scenario analysis at both sectorial and national levels. For that purpose, the FGs were found to be successful activities for the identification of the most important skills in the topics of sustainability, bioeconomy, digitalization, soft skills, and business entrepreneurship skills.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: R.B., P.B. and D.R.; methodology: L.M. and L.F.L.; formal analysis: L.M., L.F.L., C.F.K., A.R., C.T., B.G., C.A., M.L., K.S., M.B., C.K., A.M., V.M., G.F. and J.L.-M.; investigation: F.S., C.T., B.G., C.A., M.L., K.S., M.B., C.K., A.M., V.M., G.F. and J.L.-M.; writing original draft preparation: L.M., L.F.L., C.F.K. and A.R.; writing—review and editing: F.S., R.B., P.B., D.R., C.T., B.G., C.A., M.L., K.S., M.B., C.K., A.M., V.M., G.F. and J.L.-M.; supervision: L.M. and L.F.L.; project administration: R.B., F.S. and P.B.; funding acquisition: R.B., P.B. and D.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was co-funded by the ERASMUS+ programme of the European Union, grant agreement number 612664-EPP-1-2019-1-IT-EPPKA2-SSA-B. This publication reflects only the authors' view, and the European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the High Steering Committee of the FIELDS ERASMUS+ project (612664-EPP-1- 2019-1-IT-EPPKA2-SSA-B).

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express their gratitude to the FIELDS project partners who contributed to the conduction and reporting of the focus groups.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

#### **Appendix A Skill Lists**

**Table A1.** Sustainability skills.



#### **Table A1.** *Cont.*

#### **Table A2.** Digitalization skills.



#### **Table A2.** *Cont.*

**Table A3.** Bioeconomy skills.


#### **Table A3.** *Cont.*


#### **Table A3.** *Cont.*


#### **Table A4.** Soft skills.


#### **Table A4.** *Cont.*


**Table A5.** Business entrepreneurship skills.



#### **Table A5.** *Cont.*

#### **References**

