**2. Conclusions and Future Perspectives**

In the last century, exogenous insulin therapy has transformed diabetes therapeutics in clinical settings. Since T1D has been recognized as an autoimmune disease, efforts have been made to advance our knowledge of disease mechanisms, its progression, and prevention of the associated autoimmune responses. This understanding serves as our base for designing novel therapeutic strategies in the form of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches. This review summarizes a variety of immunotherapy strategies currently being tested and utilized to cure T1D in an effort to improve the quality of clinical treatment provided to the patient. In an intricate cascade of events involving the onset of T1D, various checkpoints have been identified and have shown success in achieving targeted immunotherapy. However, they are still limited in their ability to maintain long-term glycemic homeostasis and normal insulin secretion. Since 70–90% of beta cell mass is dysfunctional or destroyed by the time clinical help is sought, identification of early-stage immunological biomarkers and intervention may be more beneficial in facilitating an early assessment of T1D. Stem cell-based beta cell regeneration approaches also need to be included in such combinatorial treatment methodologies as it pursues the ultimate objective when beta cells have been damaged. Immunotherapies, focused on a beta cell-regenerating agent and an immunomodulator, represent a promising strategy for finding a cure of T1D.

Nanoparticles have already proven their potential in a targeting a variety of disorders as they offer remarkable clinical diagnostic and therapeutic prospects. More recent works have also shown that combining these immunotherapies with nanoparticulate systems possess enhanced functionalities and have the potential to specifically target the immune check points and slow/arrest the rate of T1D progression. The studies show encouraging results in incorporating the nanoplatforms in-line with the existing immunotherapies towards combating T1D. Although in its nascent stage, it is anticipated that this combinational approach would prove to be a promising avenue to achieve a complete reversal and reset of the dysfunctional immune system in individuals with T1D.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.W.; writing-original draft preparation, S.N., J.O.B., H.H. (Hanaan Hyat), T.Q. and H.H. (Hasaan Hyat); writing—review and editing, P.W.; supervision, P.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
