*Review* **Nanotechnology in Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Promising Innovations and Future Advances**

**Saumya Nigam 1,2, Jack Owen Bishop 1,2, Hanaan Hayat 1,3, Tahnia Quadri 1,3, Hasaan Hayat 1,2 and Ping Wang 1,2,\***


**Abstract:** Diabetes is a chronic condition which affects the glucose metabolism in the body. In lieu of any clinical "cure," the condition is managed through the administration of pharmacological aids, insulin supplements, diet restrictions, exercise, and the like. The conventional clinical prescriptions are limited by their life-long dependency and diminished potency, which in turn hinder the patient's recovery. This necessitated an alteration in approach and has instigated several investigations into other strategies. As Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is known to be an autoimmune disorder, targeting the immune system in activation and/or suppression has shown promise in reducing beta cell loss and improving insulin levels in response to hyperglycemia. Another strategy currently being explored is the use of nanoparticles in the delivery of immunomodulators, insulin, or engineered vaccines to endogenous immune cells. Nanoparticle-assisted targeting of immune cells holds substantial potential for enhanced patient care within T1D clinical settings. Herein, we summarize the knowledge of etiology, clinical scenarios, and the current state of nanoparticle-based immunotherapeutic approaches for Type 1 diabetes. We also discuss the feasibility of translating this approach to clinical practice.

**Keywords:** autoimmunity; B cells; beta cells; cell therapy; immune checkpoint molecules; immunotherapy; microRNA; nanoparticles; stem cells; T cells; type 1 diabetes
