*2.2. Data Sources and Preprocessing*

### 2.2.1. Species Occurrence Data

We collected the occurrence data for *Meconopsis*, *M. integrifolia*, *M. horridula*, *M. racemosa*, and *M. punicea* from the following three sources: (1) Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH, http://www.cvh.ac.cn/; accessed on 22 December 2021), (2) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org, https://www.gbif.org/; accessed on 22 December 2021), and (3) published literature (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI, https://www.cnki.net/; Web of Science, https://www.webofscience.com/; accessed on 22 December 2021). All data points were carefully evaluated to exclude duplicate data points and then validated via Google Earth to eliminate possible errors; finally, ArcGIS 10.8 was used to remove points that were not in the study region. We also ensured that the selected presence data points were evenly distributed throughout the study area to avoid sampling bias. Following this selection and elimination criteria, the selected presence locations of each species involved in our study are as follows: *Meconopsis* (1445), *M. integrifolia* (296), *M. horridula* (304), *M. racemosa* (111), and *M. punicea* (90) (Figure 2, Table S1).
