*Article* **Detection and Quantification of Forest-Agriculture Ecotones Caused by Returning Farmland to Forest Program Using Unmanned Aircraft Imagery**

**Bin Wang 1,2, Hu Sun 1, Arthur P. Cracknell 3, Yun Deng 2, Qiang Li 1, Luxiang Lin 2, Qian Xu 1, Yuxin Ma 1, Wenli Wang 1,\* and Zhiming Zhang 1,\***


**Abstract:** The 'Returning Farmland to Forest Program' (RFFP) in China has become an essential factor in land cover changes and forest transition, especially in terms of the ecological processes between two adjacent ecosystems. However, accurately delineating ecotones is still a big challenge for vegetation and landscape ecologists. Acquiring high spatial resolution imagery from a small, unmanned aircraft system (UAS) provides new opportunities for studying ecotones at a small scale. This study aims to extract forest-agriculture ecotones by RGB ultrahigh-resolution images from a small UAS and quantify the small biotopes in 3D space. To achieve these objectives, a canopy height model (CHM) is constructed based on a UAS-photogrammetric-derived point cloud, which is derived from the digital surface model (DSM) minus the digital terrain model (DTM). Afterward, according to the difference of plant community height between abandoned farmland ecosystem and forest ecosystem, the ecotones are delineated. A landscape pattern identified with ecotones and other small biotopes at the fine scale. Furthermore, we assess the accuracy of the ecotones' delineation based on the transects method with the previous situ work we carried out and quantify the landscape structure using common landscape metrics to describe its spatial and geometric characteristics. Through transect-based analysis at three transects, the overall accuracy of the width of UAS-derived delineation is greater than 70%, and the detection accuracy for the occurrence location is 100%. Finally, we conclude that ecotones extraction from UAS images would also provide the possibility to gain a comprehensive understanding of the entire ecological process of agricultural abandoned land restoration through continuous investigation and monitoring.

**Keywords:** returning farmland to forest program; ecotone; unmanned aircraft system; CHM; mountainous landscape; transect-based analysis
