*3.2. Characterization of (TiO2)1*−*x(Fe2O3)x Nanocomposites*

The crystal structures and phases of the samples were recorded on Bruker D8 advance equipped with Cu Kα radiation (40 kV,40 mA) at a wavelength of 1.5406 Å. JEOL 6360 LA Japan SEM was employed to analyze the surface topography. DXR FT-Raman system from Fisher-Scientific was operated for vibrational study under 532 nm excitation unit at 5 mW power. The UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis of powder samples was acquired from 200–800 nm using Evolution 220 spectrophotometer coupled with ISA-220 integrating sphere (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The specific surface areas were determined by N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm (Quantachrom Instrument Corporation, NOVATOUCH LX4, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) using Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET) calculations, whereas the samples were pretreated at 150 ◦C for 2 h, and the pore size distributions were recorded by desorption branch using BJH method. FTIR spectra of the samples were acquired from NICOLET IS 10 (Thermo Scientific, USA).
