4.3.1. The Flow Field

As shown in Figure 3, the jetting velocity varied with the change in *e*. As such, we first investigated the dynamic morphological changes of water droplets impacting the dimpled surface with different *e* at We = 21.9. The simulation results are shown in Figures 5–7.

*4.3. Simulation Results*  4.3.1. The Flow Field

In this case, asymmetric jetting was not observed.

5–7.

As shown in Figure 3, the jetting velocity varied with the change in *e*. As such, we first investigated the dynamic morphological changes of water droplets impacting the dimpled surface with different *e* at We = 21.9. The simulation results are shown in Figures

Figure 6 shows the results at *e* = 0.25. Figure 6a shows the stage when the droplet made contact with the solid surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. In Figure 6b, the droplet spreads on the surface and covered the dimple with a small volume of air trapped in the dimple. Because the droplet is moving both downward and outward, the droplet spreading pushed the air to the right side of the dimple. If the droplet coaxially impacts the dimple, the underneath air will be locked in the dimple, and it cannot be evacuated until the droplet rebounds because of the symmetric droplet spreading. In contrast, when the droplet impacts the dimple off the center, air could be squeezed out of the dimple at a high speed during the spreading process (Figure 6c–e), leading to a burst of the droplet's interface (Figure 6e). In Figure 6f, the spreading diameter is maximal. After that, the direction of the flow velocity became reversed, pointing inward and upward, which resulted in bouncing of the droplet.

**Figure 6.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at *e* = 0.25. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**d**) The process of droplet spreading over the dimple, with air trapped inside the dimple. (**b**–**d**) the air is pushed from the center to the right side of the dimple. (**e**) Air evacuated the dimple at t = 2.60 ms. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter. **Figure 6.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at *e* = 0.25. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**d**) The process of droplet spreading over the dimple, with air trapped inside the dimple. (**b**–**d**) the air is pushed from the center to the right side of the dimple. (**e**) Air evacuated the dimple at t = 2.60 ms. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter. than in Figure 7 because the magnitude of the upward flow velocity is higher in Figure 8, which is consistent with the experimental results in Figure 3.

**Figure 7.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at *e* = 0.5. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**,**d**) The process of the droplet spreading over the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**e**) The diminishing of jetting due to the surface tension force. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter. **Figure 7.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at *e* = 0.5. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**,**d**) The process of the droplet spreading over the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**e**) The diminishing of jetting due to the surface tension force. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter.

Figure 6 shows the results at *e* = 0.25. Figure 6a shows the stage when the droplet made contact with the solid surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. In Figure 6b, the droplet spreads on the surface and covered the dimple with a small volume of air trapped in the dimple. Because the droplet is moving both downward and outward, the droplet spreading pushed the air to the right side of the dimple. If the droplet coaxially impacts the dimple, the underneath air will be locked in the dimple, and it cannot be evacuated until the droplet rebounds

**Figure 8.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at e = 0.75. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**) The droplet blankets the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**d**) The jetting position shifts up along the droplet's surface because of the inertia force. (**e**) The breakup of the jet for the

The simulation unveiled the mechanisms for interface bursting and asymmetric jetting. The bursting was caused by the rapid evacuation of the trapped air inside the dimple (Figure 6) and asymmetric jetting was caused by liquid flow in two directions (Figures 7 and 8). Compared with asymmetric jetting, interface bursting occurred at a

formation of satellite droplets. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter.

because of the symmetric droplet spreading. In contrast, when the droplet impacts the dimple off the center, air could be squeezed out of the dimple at a high speed during the spreading process (Figure 6c–e), leading to a burst of the droplet's interface (Figure 6e). In Figure 6f, the spreading diameter is maximal. After that, the direction of the flow velocity became reversed, pointing inward and upward, which resulted in bouncing of the droplet. In this case, asymmetric jetting was not observed.

than in Figure 7 because the magnitude of the upward flow velocity is higher in Figure 8,

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which is consistent with the experimental results in Figure 3.

Figures 7 and 8 show the results at *e* = 0.5 and 0.75, respectively. The droplet contacted the solid surface at *t* = 0.00 ms (Figures 7a and 8a). During droplet spreading on the surface and gradual covering of the dimple, the air in the dimple was evacuated at a high velocity (Figures 7b and 8b,c). When the droplet filled the dimple, the motion of the droplet's interface at the right edge of the dimple was governed by the superposition of two types of liquid flow in different directions (Figure 7c,d and Figure 8d): one was the liquid flow to the right in the horizontal direction originating from the rightward droplet spreading and another was the vertically upward liquid flow guided by the curvature of the dimple. The presence of the upward liquid flow induced asymmetric jetting at the edge of the dimple. The jetting angle and velocity were thus determined by the magnitude of the two liquid flow velocities. A larger jetting angle and higher jetting velocity are observed in Figure 8 than in Figure 7 because the magnitude of the upward flow velocity is higher in Figure 8, which is consistent with the experimental results in Figure 3. **Figure 7.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at *e* = 0.5. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**,**d**) The process of the droplet spreading over the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**e**) The diminishing of jetting due to the surface tension force. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter.

**Figure 8.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at e = 0.75. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**) The droplet blankets the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**d**) The jetting position shifts up along the droplet's surface because of the inertia force. (**e**) The breakup of the jet for the formation of satellite droplets. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter. **Figure 8.** Droplet impacting the dimpled surface at e = 0.75. (**a**) The droplet starts to impact the surface when *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The edge of the droplet advances along the dimpled surface. (**c**) The droplet blankets the dimple. Jetting is formed on the right side of the droplet. (**d**) The jetting position shifts up along the droplet's surface because of the inertia force. (**e**) The breakup of the jet for the formation of satellite droplets. (**f**) The droplet reaches its maximum spreading diameter.

The simulation unveiled the mechanisms for interface bursting and asymmetric jetting. The bursting was caused by the rapid evacuation of the trapped air inside the dimple (Figure 6) and asymmetric jetting was caused by liquid flow in two directions (Figures 7 and 8). Compared with asymmetric jetting, interface bursting occurred at a The simulation unveiled the mechanisms for interface bursting and asymmetric jetting. The bursting was caused by the rapid evacuation of the trapped air inside the dimple (Figure 6) and asymmetric jetting was caused by liquid flow in two directions (Figures 7 and 8). Compared with asymmetric jetting, interface bursting occurred at a smaller value of *e*. As such, a critical value of *e* was required to trigger the occurrence of asymmetric jetting, consistent with the findings in Figure 3.

#### 4.3.2. The Pressure Distribution inside the Droplet

Figure 9 shows the pressure distribution at *e* = 0.25. The initial pressure inside the droplet was about 200 Pa (Figure 9a). In Figure 8b, the maximum pressure (about 800 Pa) occurred at the dimple's left edge where the droplet first contacted the solid surface. With the spreading of the droplet, the average pressure decreased, and the location of the maximum pressure moved from the left to the right of the dimple. The resulting pressure gradient along the x-direction drove the motion of trapped air from the left to the right inside the dimple (Figure 9b–d). After the droplet's interface burst, the air was evacuated from the dimple, and the pressure decreased, while the maximum pressure still appeared on the right edge of the dimple, which was about 300 Pa (Figure 9e,f). During this process, there was still some air in the position where the maximum pressure appeared, as shown in Figure 6e,f. Figure 9f also suggests that the maximum pressure inside the droplet occurred at the location where the flow velocity was about 0 m/s, and the minimum pressure occurred at the location where the liquid film was the thinnest. droplet was about 200 Pa (Figure 9a). In Figure 8b, the maximum pressure (about 800 Pa) occurred at the dimple's left edge where the droplet first contacted the solid surface. With the spreading of the droplet, the average pressure decreased, and the location of the maximum pressure moved from the left to the right of the dimple. The resulting pressure gradient along the x-direction drove the motion of trapped air from the left to the right inside the dimple (Figure 9b–d). After the droplet's interface burst, the air was evacuated from the dimple, and the pressure decreased, while the maximum pressure still appeared on the right edge of the dimple, which was about 300 Pa (Figure 9e,f). During this process, there was still some air in the position where the maximum pressure appeared, as shown in Figure 6e,f. Figure 9f also suggests that the maximum pressure inside the droplet occurred at the location where the flow velocity was about 0 m/s, and the minimum pressure occurred at the location where the liquid film was the thinnest.

smaller value of *e*. As such, a critical value of *e* was required to trigger the occurrence of

Figure 9 shows the pressure distribution at *e* = 0.25. The initial pressure inside the

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asymmetric jetting, consistent with the findings in Figure 3.

4.3.2. The Pressure Distribution inside the Droplet

**Figure 9.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at *e* = 0.25. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**d**) The maximum pressure moves from the left side to the right side of the dimple along with droplet spreading. (**e**) Pressure **Figure 9.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at *e* = 0.25. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**d**) The maximum pressure moves from the left side to the right side of the dimple along with droplet spreading. (**e**) Pressure distribution after the air is evacuated from the dimple. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet spreads to its maximum diameter.

Figures 10 and 11 show the pressure distribution at *e* = 0.5 and 0.75, respectively. The two cases have a similar tendency in pressure change. At the early stages of droplet spreading, the maximum pressure inside the droplet occurred in the dimple where the air was pushed out. After the jetting was formed, there was no air left in the dimple, and the maximum pressure occurred at the edge of the droplet where the flow velocity was close to 0 m/s. The minimum pressure was located at the position where the liquid film was the thinnest, which is similar to the observation in Figure 9f. Figures 10 and 11 show the pressure distribution at *e* = 0.5 and 0.75, respectively. The two cases have a similar tendency in pressure change. At the early stages of droplet spreading, the maximum pressure inside the droplet occurred in the dimple where the air was pushed out. After the jetting was formed, there was no air left in the dimple, and the maximum pressure occurred at the edge of the droplet where the flow velocity was close to 0 m/s. The minimum pressure was located at the position where the liquid film was the thinnest, which is similar to the observation in Figure 9f.

distribution after the air is evacuated from the dimple. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet

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spreads to its maximum diameter.

**Figure 10.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at e = 0.50. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**e**) The maximum pressure moves from the left side to the right side of the dimple along with droplet spreading. In (**d**), the highest pressure (about 60 Pa) occurs in the tip of the jetting finger. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet spreads to its maximum diameter. **Figure 10.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at e = 0.50. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**–**e**) The maximum pressure moves from the left side to the right side of the dimple along with droplet spreading. In (**d**), the highest pressure (about 60 Pa) occurs in the tip of the jetting finger. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet spreads to its maximum diameter.

**Figure 11.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at *e* = 0.75. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The maximum pressure occurs on the liquid–solid interface. (**c**) The maximum pressure shifts from the left side to the right side of the dimple with droplet spreading. (**d**,**e**) The maximum pressure occurs in the tip of the jetting finger during the evolution of the jetting. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet spreads to its maximum diameter. **Figure 11.** Pressure distribution inside the droplet at *e* = 0.75. (**a**) The initial pressure distribution when the droplet starts to impact the surface at *t* = 0.00 ms. (**b**) The maximum pressure occurs on the liquid–solid interface. (**c**) The maximum pressure shifts from the left side to the right side of the dimple with droplet spreading. (**d**,**e**) The maximum pressure occurs in the tip of the jetting finger during the evolution of the jetting. (**f**) Pressure distribution when the droplet spreads to its maximum diameter.

#### 4.3.3. The Momentum Changes in the Droplet We previously identified the symmetry-breaking of non-specular reflection of 4.3.3. The Momentum Changes in the Droplet

impacting droplets and unveiled the momentum difference between droplet impacted on flat and dimpled surfaces [38]. The droplet shape is symmetric at any time instant (see Figure 4), and thus the net momentum is zero in the horizontal direction for the impingement of a droplet on flat surfaces. In sharp contrast, the presence of a dimple affects the internal liquid flow dramatically during droplet impact. Figure 12 shows the variations in the horizontal momentum (normalized by the We previously identified the symmetry-breaking of non-specular reflection of impacting droplets and unveiled the momentum difference between droplet impacted on flat and dimpled surfaces [38]. The droplet shape is symmetric at any time instant (see Figure 4), and thus the net momentum is zero in the horizontal direction for the impingement of a droplet on flat surfaces. In sharp contrast, the presence of a dimple affects the internal liquid flow dramatically during droplet impact.

initial momentum at droplet impact) with time (normalized by the capillary time). Here, we defined the positive momentum pointing to the right, and vice versa. On the dimpled surface, the magnitude of the horizontal momentum ratio (MHMR) increased at first and then decreased after the liquid reached the bottom of the dimple. The horizontal momentum ratio varied differently with time between the case of interface bursting and asymmetric jetting. The MHMR of the interface bursting case (at *e* = 0.25) was much smaller than that of the asymmetric jetting case (at *e* = 0.50 and 0.75), which was attributed to the impounded air (at *e* = 0.25) that prevented the accumulation of horizontal Figure 12 shows the variations in the horizontal momentum (normalized by the initial momentum at droplet impact) with time (normalized by the capillary time). Here, we defined the positive momentum pointing to the right, and vice versa. On the dimpled surface, the magnitude of the horizontal momentum ratio (MHMR) increased at first and then decreased after the liquid reached the bottom of the dimple. The horizontal momentum ratio varied differently with time between the case of interface bursting and asymmetric jetting. The MHMR of the interface bursting case (at *e* = 0.25) was much smaller than that of the asymmetric jetting case (at *e* = 0.50 and 0.75), which was attributed to the

momentum during droplet spreading. For asymmetric jetting, the maximum value of the

impounded air (at *e* = 0.25) that prevented the accumulation of horizontal momentum during droplet spreading. For asymmetric jetting, the maximum value of the MHMR appeared later when *e* increased, because an increase in *e* indicated a longer distance before the droplet could reach the bottom of the dimple. MHMR appeared later when *e* increased, because an increase in *e* indicated a longer distance before the droplet could reach the bottom of the dimple.

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**Figure 12.** Variations of the horizontal momentum (normalized by the initial momentum at droplet **Figure 12.** Variations of the horizontal momentum (normalized by the initial momentum at droplet impact) with time (normalized by capillary time).

### **5. Conclusions**

impact) with time (normalized by capillary time).

**5. Conclusions**  This study identified the asymmetric jetting phenomenon when water droplets impact superhydrophobic surfaces with a macro-sized dimple. The jetting velocity under different conditions was experimentally investigated. Numerical simulations were performed to obtain more details of asymmetric jetting. The following concluding This study identified the asymmetric jetting phenomenon when water droplets impact superhydrophobic surfaces with a macro-sized dimple. The jetting velocity under different conditions was experimentally investigated. Numerical simulations were performed to obtain more details of asymmetric jetting. The following concluding remarks are summarized by combining the results from experimental and numerical studies.


the liquid droplet reaches the bottom of the dimple and is smaller for interface

bursting case than asymmetric jetting.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/mi13091521/s1, Figure S1: Contact angle measurement; Figure S2: The jetting formation process; Figure S3: Grid independence study.

**Author Contributions:** P.Z. contributed to conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing and funding acquisition. C.C. contributed to software application, writing—original draft preparation and funding acquisition. H.Z. contributed to software application. Z.L. contributed to experiments. J.W. (Jianchun Wang) and J.W. (Jianmei Wang) helped with experiment system debugging. G.L. and Y.L. contributed to data analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (ECS 21213621), City University of Hong Kong (9610502 and 7005936), the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University (KF2014), Key research and development plan in Shandong province (2019GHZ018), National Talent Program (G2022024003L) and Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (Major Technological Innovation Project) (2021CXGC010515).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


**Yukihiro Yonemoto 1,\* , Yosuke Fujii <sup>2</sup> , Yoshiki Sugino <sup>2</sup> and Tomoaki Kunugi 3,\***


**Abstract:** Whether a droplet slides or not on inclined solid surface is mainly influenced by a balance between the adhesion force at contact area and the gravitational force exerted on the droplet. Especially as the adhesion force is a key parameter for the determination of the sliding behavior of droplets. The adhesion force is mainly estimated by experimental observation for the sliding motion of the droplet. However, at present it is unknown whether the adhesion force is a constant value regardless of the droplet size or not. In the present study, focused on the onset for sliding of water-ethanol binary mixture droplets on inclined solid surface, experimental investigation on the sliding droplets is performed by considering the droplet volumes ranging from 7 to 600 µL in order to understand the effect of the size of the droplet on the adhesive property. The results are discussed using the existing analytical models. From the results, it is found that the adhesion force increases in the case of large droplet volume, while the force reaches constant value in the case of small droplet volume. This difference is related to the degree of the droplet shape deformation, which leads to a change in the contact angle. Finally, a simple empirical model for the adhesion force including the size effect is proposed.

**Keywords:** wettability; sliding behavior; contact angle; surface tension; droplet

#### **1. Introduction**

The control of liquid on solid substrate which is characterized by wettability is widely seen in industrial and chemical applications, such as coating, inkjet printing and spray cooling [1–3]. For example, in fuel cells [4], liquid water and droplet detachment from electrodes is a fundamental problem for water transport and its management. In a heat exchanger with dropwise condensation [5,6], the removal of droplets from solid surfaces is crucial problem for achieving higher heat transfer. In this kind of system, the dynamic motion of liquid on a solid surface is an important phenomenon where there are many factors related to wettability, adhesion force, flow field around the liquid, and inclination of solid substrate.

There are many studies on the migration of liquid on solid substrates from experimental, numerical, and theoretical point of views. The migration behavior is one of the fundamental behaviors of dynamic wetting. However, in an actual situation, there are many unresolved problems which affect the migration of the liquid, such as internal fluid flow, solid surface condition, external forces, and the treatment of the dynamic contact angle. Yilbas et al. performed experimental and numerical works for the behavior of water droplets on an inclined hydrophobic surface. In their study, rolling behavior was investigated considering the fluid motion in the droplet with PIV (particle image velocimetry) technique. The result reveals the relationship between the fluid velocity in the droplet and the droplet volume [7]. Lv et al. considered the sliding behavior of water droplets on

**Citation:** Yonemoto, Y.; Fujii, Y.; Sugino, Y.; Kunugi, T. Relationship between Onset of Sliding Behavior and Size of Droplet on Inclined Solid Substrate. *Micromachines* **2022**, *13*, 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mi13111849

Academic Editor: Pingan Zhu

Received: 23 September 2022 Accepted: 26 October 2022 Published: 28 October 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

rough surfaces experimentally and analytically [8]. In their study, the effect of the surface microstructure (pillar-structured surface) on the onset of the sliding motion of droplet was discussed and the model for the prediction of the critical sliding angle on rough surface was proposed. Li et al. investigated water droplet detachment characteristics under different gas diffusion layer surfaces in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) experimentally and analytically [9]. In the experiment, the droplet detachment behaviors under air flow rates in the channel were observed. They revealed that the contact angle hysteresis, which is the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles, exhibits the linear relation with respect to the gas flow rate and the contact angle hysteresis of the droplet at the instant of the detachment decreases with the increase of the gas flow rate. In addition to the research mentioned above, there have been many studies focusing on droplet migration behavior, such as the droplet motion sheared by gas stream [10], the pinning characteristics of the droplet on heated or non-heated inclined surfaces [11,12], and modelling for the profile of the droplet on an inclined solid surface [13]. However, the migration behavior of the droplet is not fully understood.

The prediction of the onset for the droplet motion is mainly discussed on the basis of two models. Most popular models are developed by Furmidge [14] and Wolfram and Faust [15], which are mainly developed by considering the balance between external force and the surface tension based on the experimental observation where the sliding droplets on inclined solid surface are investigated. Concretely speaking, in the Wolfram and Faust's (hereafter, called WF) model, the adhesion force per unit length of the contact line is defined as a single constant parameter. Thus, the WF model does not treat the contact angle. On the other hand, the adhesion force in the Furmidge's model is evaluated using the surface tension and the contact angle hysteresis based on the concept of the Young's equation. In a recent study [16], models for the retention force, which were related to the droplet migration behavior, were reviewed and introduced some types of Furmidge's relations. The Furmidge type relation is widely used to understand the migration behavior instead of the WF model. In fact, a simple contact angle measurement of a static droplet is useful to understand and predict its surface conditions. It is mainly used as an indicator for the evaluation of the final determination for the surface preparation, and Furmidge's relation is also used for the surface evaluation [17–19]. In the numerical simulation for the migration behavior [20,21], the values of the contact angle or the contact angle hysteresis where the droplet starts to slide are set as branch conditions. After the onset for the droplet motion, the treatment of the dynamic contact angle is needed, and the relationship between the contact line velocity and the dynamic contact angle is mainly discussed [22]. There are two approaches for the model: one is the molecular kinetic theory [23] and the other is the hydrodynamic theory [24,25]. The molecular kinetic theory is developed by considering the frequency of the random molecular displacements within the three phase zones, which are characterized by the activation free energy. The hydrodynamic theory is developed by considering the relationship between the viscous energy dissipation and the work achieved through the contact line motion. In both models, the contact angle is directly connected to the contact line velocity. However, in an actual situation, the relationship between the contact angle and the contact line velocity is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence [26] and is not uniquely determined. Thus, at present, there are no versatile numerical models for the dynamic wetting behavior, and the modeling of the dynamic wetting behavior remains an unresolved problem [27].

Considered the dynamic motion of a droplet, the dynamic behavior is basically determined by the force balance among fluid motion, external force, surface tension and adhesion force at the solid–liquid interface, so the contact angle should be secondarily determined by this force balance. In particular, the adhesion force would work as a friction force and become an important factor for the determination of the dynamic contact angle during the dynamic motion. A recent study discusses the adhesion force evaluated by the Furmidge's relation from a viewpoint of the concept of the friction coefficient [28]. If an inherent adhesion force between the liquid and solid surface exists, it would be a constant

value regardless of whether a droplet size is large or not. However, it is unknown whether the adhesion force changes depending on the size of the droplet because most previous studies treat a relatively small droplet, such as several dozen µL or less [4,7,8,12,29]. Especially the WF and Furmidge's models treat the same phenomena, so from an engineering point of view, it is important to know the difference in the adhesion forces between two models. Therefore, in the present study, the applicability of the WF and Furmidge's models for the evaluation of adhesion force is considered in the wide range of the droplet volume, and the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force is investigated. Finally, the relationship between the adhesion forces of two models are discussed and a simple model of the adhesion force, which includes the size effect, is proposed.

#### **2. Evaluation of Adhesiveness**

#### *2.1. Models for Adhesiveness of Droplet*

In the present study, two existing models are used for the evaluation of the adhesiveness of droplets on a solid surface: the WF model [15] and the Furmidge's model [14]. Two existing models mainly describe the phenomena for the sliding behavior of droplets on horizontal or inclined solid substrates and are briefly explained in the following section.

#### *2.2. Wolfram and Faust's (WF) Model*

In this model, the force balance between the adhesion force resulted from the wetted contact area and the gravitational force of droplet along the solid surface is mainly considered. In the model, the adhesion, *E*w, is defined as a force exerted on a unit length of the periphery of the contact area. From this concept, the following relation is derived.

$$
\rho\_1 V\_0 \text{g} \sin \mathfrak{a}^c = \pi D\_0 E\_\text{W} \tag{1}
$$

In Equation (1), *ρ*1, *V*0, *g*, *α* <sup>c</sup> and *D*<sup>0</sup> represent the density of liquid, the initial volume of the droplet, gravitational acceleration, the critical inclined angle of the solid surface and the initial contact area diameter of the droplet, respectively. In this model, *E*<sup>W</sup> is assumed to be constant. In addition, a contact angle is not considered. According to the concept of Young's equation, the change in the contact angle indicates the change in the surface tension force acting on the contact line, even if the contact area does not change [30]. The contact angle is also an important factor for understanding droplet motion. Therefore, the applicability limit of Equation (1) is unknown if the size of the droplet increases, because the shape of the droplet is assumed as a part of sphere in this model. The evaluation procedure for *E*<sup>w</sup> is as follows. By rewriting Equation (1), the relation sinα <sup>c</sup> = π*E*w*D*0/(*ρ*l*gV*0) is obtained. Here, *E*<sup>w</sup> is estimated by fitting the transformed relation to the experimental data where the linear relation of sin*α*<sup>c</sup> and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> is assumed as sin*α*<sup>c</sup> = *k D*0/*V*0. Here, *k* is a constant value. Therefore, *E*<sup>w</sup> is obtained by the relation *E*<sup>w</sup> = *ρ*l*gk*/*π*.

#### *2.3. Furmidge's Model*

In this model, the shape of the droplet (i.e., wetted contact area) is assumed to be a rectangle. The adhesion is evaluated using advancing and receding contact angles based on the concept for the Young's equation. Then, the relationship is derived by considering the work performed by the gravity and the variation of the adhesion work in the sliding process. Nevertheless, the model is sufficiently able to capture the sliding droplet behavior and is applied to many migration phenomena by an addition of a pre-factor to the original Furmidge's model [31–33]. The Furmidge's model with the pre-factor *c<sup>f</sup>* is as follows:

$$
\rho\_l V\_0 \text{g} \sin \alpha^\varepsilon = c\_f l\_{\text{width}} \sigma\_{\text{lg}} (\cos \theta\_\text{R} - \cos \theta\_\text{A}) \tag{2}
$$

In Equation (2), *c<sup>f</sup>* , *l*width, *σ*lg, *θ*<sup>R</sup> and *θ*<sup>A</sup> represent the pre-factor, the width of the contact area of the droplet, the surface tension between liquid and gas and the receding and advancing angles, respectively. Equation (2) reduces to the original Furmidge's model when the pre-factor *c<sup>f</sup>* takes unity. In recent models, there are some expressions for the pre-factor *c<sup>f</sup>*

where the Laplace pressure and the parameter for the pinning force are considered [16,34]. However, there is no consensus for the expression of the model. Therefore, the present study mainly focusses on the classical relations of the WF and the original Furmidge's models, as mentioned in the next section, and the pre-factor is discussed in Section 4.3. In a previous study [35], it was revealed that the value of *l*width is almost constant, which is the same as the initial droplet contact area diameter *D*<sup>0</sup> until the onset of the droplet sliding. Therefore, in the present study, *l*width in Equation (2) is treated as *D*0.

#### *2.4. Alternative Evaluation for WF and Furmidge's Models*

A critical inclined angle in Equations (1) and (2) represents the onset of the droplet sliding motion. Therefore, if one applies the concept of Equation (1) to the Furmidge's model, Equation (2) can be rewritten as follows:

$$\sin a^{\mathbb{C}} = \frac{\sigma\_{\rm lg} (\cos \theta\_{\rm R} - \cos \theta\_{\rm A})}{\rho\_{\rm l} g} \frac{l\_{\rm width}}{V\_0} \tag{3}$$

Note, the value of *l*width can be treated as the initial droplet contact area diameter *D*<sup>0</sup> until the onset of the sliding motion [35]. Thus, comparing Equation (3) with Equation (1), the value that corresponds to the adhesion force per unit of length defined as *E*<sup>F</sup> can be derived as follows:

$$E\_{\rm F} = \frac{\sigma\_{\rm lg} (\cos \theta\_{\rm R} - \cos \theta\_{\rm A})}{\pi} \tag{4}$$

From Equation (4), it was found that *E*<sup>F</sup> includes the geometrical parameter of the droplet, which is not considered in *E*<sup>W</sup> of Equation (1), because *E*<sup>W</sup> is estimated by fitting Equation (1) to the experimental data, assuming the linear relationship between sin*α* <sup>c</sup> and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> as mentioned in the Section 2.2. This indicates that *E*<sup>W</sup> may be the averaged value for the adhesion force in the wide range of the droplet volumes. Therefore, the following adhesion *E*W' is evaluated in addition to Equation (4).

$$E\_{\rm w}{}^{\prime} = \frac{\rho\_l g}{\pi} \left( \sin \alpha^c(V\_0) \frac{V\_0}{D\_0} \right) \tag{5}$$

*E*<sup>W</sup> 0 is evaluated using the experimental data for the onset of the droplet sliding motion in Equation (5). Finally, in the present study, three kinds of the adhesion force for *E*W, *E*W' and *E*<sup>F</sup> are evaluated. Note that the present study does not focus on the morphological effect of the solid surface, such as the surface roughness on the sliding behavior [19,36–38]. In order to consider such a problem, more detailed investigation would be needed, including the definition of the movement of the contact line, because the pinning effect on the contact line motion becomes significant.

#### **3. Experiment**

Figure 1 shows the schematic of the experimental apparatus. As shown in Figure 1a, the apparatus mainly consists of the high-speed video camera (HX-5, NAC Image Technology, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), the rotation stage and the LED light. The solid sample is set on the rotation stage. The droplet is deposited on the solid substrate as shown in Figure 1b. After the deposition, the solid substrate is rotated with a constant angular velocity ω = 0.5 deg sec−<sup>1</sup> . Then, the droplet motion during the rotation was captured with the high-speed video camera. The geometrical parameters, such as the contact area diameter *D*, height *h* and advancing (*θ*A) and receding (*θ*R) contact angles were measured. In the present study, silicone rubber (SR) was used as the solid substrate. The surface roughness of SR is Ra = 0.02 µm [39]. The SR substrate is a kind of low-surface-energy solid, which enables us to make a stable droplet shape on solid surface with high reproducibility, unlike a high-surface-energy solid, such as a metal [40]. Then, water–ethanol binary mixtures were used for the liquid. The four mixtures with different ethanol mass concentrations were used: 0.072 Nm−<sup>1</sup> (0 wt%), 0.051 Nm−<sup>1</sup> (7.7 wt%), 0.038 Nm−<sup>1</sup> (20.6 wt%) and 0.030 Nm−<sup>1</sup>

(39.3 wt%). The droplet volumes ranged from 7 to 600 µL. More detailed information on the droplets is listed in Table 1. In this experiment, the temperature and humidity were in the ranges of 20.0–25.0 ◦C and 50.0–55.0%, respectively. Each experimental condition was performed three times. The contact angles of droplet were measured using commercial software (FAMAS; Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan). Figure 2 shows the images of the droplet wettability on SR. The apparent contact angle decreases as the ethanol concentration increases. Here, the droplet volume is 10 µL in each liquid. **Liquids [wt%] Volumes [μL] Initial Contact Are Diameter** *D***0 [m] Initial Droplet Height**  *h***0 [m]**  0 7–600 2.7 × 10−3–15.5 × 10−3 1.6 × 10−3–4.3 × 10−<sup>3</sup> 7.7 8–600 3.1 × 10−3–16.9 × 10−3 1.6 × 10−3–3.7 × 10−<sup>3</sup> 20.6 10–500 3.7 × 10−3–18.5 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3–2.7 × 10−<sup>3</sup> 39.3 10–400 4.0 × 10−3–17.6 × 10−3 1.2 × 10−3–2.2 × 10−<sup>3</sup> were used for the liquid. The four mixtures with different ethanol mass concentrations were used: 0.072 Nm−1 (0 wt%), 0.051 Nm−1 (7.7 wt%), 0.038 Nm−1 (20.6 wt%) and 0.030 Nm−1 (39.3 wt%). The droplet volumes ranged from 7 to 600 μL. More detailed information on the droplets is listed in Table 1. In this experiment, the temperature and humidity were in the ranges of 20.0–25.0 °C and 50.0–55.0 %, respectively. Each experimental condition was performed three times. The contact angles of droplet were measured using commercial software (FAMAS; Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan). Figure 2 shows the images of the droplet wettability on SR. The apparent contact angle decreases as the

**Table 1.** Droplet volumes, initial contact area diameter and droplet height in each liquid used in

height *h* and advancing (*θ*A) and receding (*θ*R) contact angles were measured. In the present study, silicone rubber (SR) was used as the solid substrate. The surface roughness of SR is Ra = 0.02 μm [39]. The SR substrate is a kind of low-surface-energy solid, which enables us to make a stable droplet shape on solid surface with high reproducibility, unlike a high-surface-energy solid, such as a metal [40]. Then, water–ethanol binary mixtures

ethanol concentration increases. Here, the droplet volume is 10 μL in each liquid.

ethanol concentration increases. Here, the droplet volume is 10 μL in each liquid.

height *h* and advancing (*θ*A) and receding (*θ*R) contact angles were measured. In the present study, silicone rubber (SR) was used as the solid substrate. The surface roughness of SR is Ra = 0.02 μm [39]. The SR substrate is a kind of low-surface-energy solid, which enables us to make a stable droplet shape on solid surface with high reproducibility, unlike a high-surface-energy solid, such as a metal [40]. Then, water–ethanol binary mixtures were used for the liquid. The four mixtures with different ethanol mass concentrations were used: 0.072 Nm−1 (0 wt%), 0.051 Nm−1 (7.7 wt%), 0.038 Nm−1 (20.6 wt%) and 0.030 Nm−1 (39.3 wt%). The droplet volumes ranged from 7 to 600 μL. More detailed information on the droplets is listed in Table 1. In this experiment, the temperature and humidity were in the ranges of 20.0–25.0 °C and 50.0–55.0 %, respectively. Each experimental condition was performed three times. The contact angles of droplet were measured using commercial software (FAMAS; Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan). Figure 2 shows the images of the droplet wettability on SR. The apparent contact angle decreases as the

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(**a**) Overall view (**b**) View A

sliding experiment.

**Figure 1.** Schematic of (**a**) overall view of experimental apparatus and (**b**) view A in (**a**) where the geometrical parameters are defined. **Figure 1.** Schematic of (**a**) overall view of experimental apparatus and (**b**) view A in (**a**) where the geometrical parameters are defined.

**Table 1.** Droplet volumes, initial contact area diameter and droplet height in each liquid used in sliding experiment.


**Figure 2.** Droplet wettability of each liquid on silicone rubber (SR): (**a**) 0 wt% (0.072 Nm<sup>−</sup>1), (**b**) 7.7 wt% (0.051 Nm<sup>−</sup>1), (**c**) 20.6 wt% (0.038 Nm<sup>−</sup>1) and (**d**) 39.3 wt% (0.030 Nm<sup>−</sup>1). Droplet volume *V*0 is 10 μL. **Figure 2.** Droplet wettability of each liquid on silicone rubber (SR): (**a**) 0 wt% (0.072 Nm−<sup>1</sup> ), (**b**) 7.7 wt% (0.051 Nm−<sup>1</sup> ), (**c**) 20.6 wt% (0.038 Nm−<sup>1</sup> ) and (**d**) 39.3 wt% (0.030 Nm−<sup>1</sup> ). Droplet volume *V*<sup>0</sup> is 10 µL.

#### **4. Results and Discussion**

#### *4.1. Inclined Angle Dependency of Geometrical Parameters of Droplet*

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the inclined angle *α*, contact area diameter *D*(*α*) and the height *h*(*α*) of water droplets. The droplet volumes are 10, 100 and 300 µL. In this figure, blue and red points represent the onset of movement of the front and rear contact lines (FCL and RCL), respectively. From Figure 3a, it can be seen that *D*(*α*) increases after the front contact line starts to move. On the other hand, in Figure 3b, the droplet height *h*(*α*) decreases as *α* increases. The critical inclined angle where each contact line starts to move becomes small as the droplet volume increases. This obviously indicates

that the gravitational force becomes dominant compared with the adhesion force. In fact, the gradient of d*D*(*α*)/d*α* increases and the relationship between *D*(*α*) and α exhibits linear as the droplet volume increases. cates that the gravitational force becomes dominant compared with the adhesion force. In fact, the gradient of d*D*(*α*)/d*α* increases and the relationship between *D*(*α*) and α exhibits linear as the droplet volume increases.

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the inclined angle *α*, contact area diameter *D*(*α*) and the height *h*(*α*) of water droplets. The droplet volumes are 10, 100 and 300 μL. In this figure, blue and red points represent the onset of movement of the front and rear contact lines (FCL and RCL), respectively. From Figure 3a, it can be seen that *D*(*α*) increases after the front contact line starts to move. On the other hand, in Figure 3b, the droplet height *h*(*α*) decreases as *α* increases. The critical inclined angle where each contact line starts to move becomes small as the droplet volume increases. This obviously indi-

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*4.1. Inclined Angle Dependency of Geometrical Parameters of Droplet* 

**4. Results and Discussion** 

**Figure 3.** Relationship among contact area diameter *D*, height *h* of water droplet (0 wt%) and inclined angle *α* of solid substrate. The blue and red characters represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 3.** Relationship among contact area diameter *D*, height *h* of water droplet (0 wt%) and inclined angle *α* of solid substrate. The blue and red characters represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively.

Figure 4 shows the ethanol concentration dependency of the behaviors for *D*(*α*) and *h*(*α*). The droplet volume is 100 μL. The changes in *D*(*α*) and *h*(*α*) against *α* in Figure 4a,b are qualitatively the same, as shown in Figure 3. For example, in Figure 3a, the critical inclined angle for the movement of the front contact line becomes larger as *D*(*α*) increases (i.e., the droplet volume increases). In Figure 4a, the timing of the onset for the movement of the front contact line becomes fast as *D*(*α*) increases (i.e., the droplet wettability increases). However, the degree of the difference in the timing is quite different between the results in Figures 3 and 4. This may be understood by considering the relationship between the gravity force and the work of adhesion based on the initial droplet condition. Concretely speaking, the ratio between the gravity force per unit contact line *mg*/(π*D*0) and the work of adhesion *σ*lg(1 + cos*θ*0) is considered for each liquid property. By this ratio, the behavior of the contact line is considered. Figure 5 shows the results for the ratio of two forces for each liquid property in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 5a, the ratio of two forces becomes large as the droplet volume increases, which indicates the gravity is dominant compared with the wettability. Therefore, the difference in the critical inclined angle for the movement of the front contact line (*α*cFCL) becomes large with respect to the droplet volume. On the other hand, from the result in Figure 5b, it is found that the wettability is dominant compared with the gravity force and the order of three values are similar. Thus, the differences in *α*cFCL among the three liquid properties are not so large. As to the differ-Figure 4 shows the ethanol concentration dependency of the behaviors for *D*(*α*) and *h*(*α*). The droplet volume is 100 µL. The changes in *D*(*α*) and *h*(*α*) against *α* in Figure 4a,b are qualitatively the same, as shown in Figure 3. For example, in Figure 3a, the critical inclined angle for the movement of the front contact line becomes larger as *D*(*α*) increases (i.e., the droplet volume increases). In Figure 4a, the timing of the onset for the movement of the front contact line becomes fast as *D*(*α*) increases (i.e., the droplet wettability increases). However, the degree of the difference in the timing is quite different between the results in Figures 3 and 4. This may be understood by considering the relationship between the gravity force and the work of adhesion based on the initial droplet condition. Concretely speaking, the ratio between the gravity force per unit contact line *mg*/(π*D*0) and the work of adhesion *σ*lg(1 + cos*θ*0) is considered for each liquid property. By this ratio, the behavior of the contact line is considered. Figure 5 shows the results for the ratio of two forces for each liquid property in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 5a, the ratio of two forces becomes large as the droplet volume increases, which indicates the gravity is dominant compared with the wettability. Therefore, the difference in the critical inclined angle for the movement of the front contact line (*α* c FCL) becomes large with respect to the droplet volume. On the other hand, from the result in Figure 5b, it is found that the wettability is dominant compared with the gravity force and the order of three values are similar. Thus, the differences in *α* c FCL among the three liquid properties are not so large. As to the difference between *α* c FCL and *α* c RCL (the critical inclined angle for the movement of the rear contact line), the degree of the deformation for the droplet shape may be related. Concretely speaking, from the results in Figure 4b, the change in the droplet height between the substrate inclined angles at *α* c RCL and *α* c FCL in the water case is larger than that in the cases of 20.6 and 39.3 wt%. The deformable case, such as water, easily elongates the contact area diameter. Therefore, in the non-deformable cases, such as 20.6 and 39.3 wt%, the difference between *α* c RCL and *α* c FCL is not so large compared with water. In fact, in Figure 4, the averaged values of the difference between *α* c RCL and *α* c FCL for 0, 20.6 and 39.3 wt% are 8.7, 2.5 and 2.3 deg, respectively.

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2.5 and 2.3 deg, respectively.

2.5 and 2.3 deg, respectively.

**Figure 4.** Ethanol concentration dependency on the behaviors for *D* and *h*. Droplet volume is 100 μL. The blue and red characters represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 4.** Ethanol concentration dependency on the behaviors for *D* and *h*. Droplet volume is 100 µL. The blue and red characters represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 4.** Ethanol concentration dependency on the behaviors for *D* and *h*. Droplet volume is 100 μL. The blue and red characters represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively.

ence between *α*cFCL and *α*cRCL (the critical inclined angle for the movement of the rear contact line), the degree of the deformation for the droplet shape may be related. Concretely speaking, from the results in Figure 4b, the change in the droplet height between the substrate inclined angles at *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL in the water case is larger than that in the cases of 20.6 and 39.3 wt%. The deformable case, such as water, easily elongates the contact area diameter. Therefore, in the non-deformable cases, such as 20.6 and 39.3 wt%, the difference between *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL is not so large compared with water. In fact, in Figure 4, the averaged values of the difference between *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL for 0, 20.6 and 39.3 wt% are 8.7,

ence between *α*cFCL and *α*cRCL (the critical inclined angle for the movement of the rear contact line), the degree of the deformation for the droplet shape may be related. Concretely speaking, from the results in Figure 4b, the change in the droplet height between the substrate inclined angles at *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL in the water case is larger than that in the cases of 20.6 and 39.3 wt%. The deformable case, such as water, easily elongates the contact area diameter. Therefore, in the non-deformable cases, such as 20.6 and 39.3 wt%, the difference between *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL is not so large compared with water. In fact, in Figure 4, the averaged values of the difference between *α*cRCL and *α*cFCL for 0, 20.6 and 39.3 wt% are 8.7,

**Figure 5.** Ratio between gravity force per unit contact line and the work of adhesion. The ratio is calculated by *mg*/(π*D*0 σlg (1 + cos*θ*0). **Figure 5.** Ratio between gravity force per unit contact line and the work of adhesion. The ratio is calculated by *mg*/(π*D*0 σlg (1 + cos*θ*0). **Figure 5.** Ratio between gravity force per unit contact line and the work of adhesion. The ratio is calculated by *mg*/(π*D*<sup>0</sup> σlg (1 + cos*θ*<sup>0</sup> ).

Figure 6 shows the changes in the advancing and receding contact angles during the

inclination of the solid substrate. The results for water droplets of 10 and 300 μL are depicted in this figure. From these results, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles after the movement of the front contact line are different from each other. This may result from the fact that water exhibits a hydrophobic condition against the SR substrate, which means that the contact line is basically hard to move. In addition, the front contact line moves towards the dry surface and the rear contact line Figure 6 shows the changes in the advancing and receding contact angles during the inclination of the solid substrate. The results for water droplets of 10 and 300 μL are depicted in this figure. From these results, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles after the movement of the front contact line are different from each other. This may result from the fact that water exhibits a hydrophobic condition against the SR substrate, which means that the contact line is basically hard to move. In addition, the front contact line moves towards the dry surface and the rear contact line Figure 6 shows the changes in the advancing and receding contact angles during the inclination of the solid substrate. The results for water droplets of 10 and 300 µL are depicted in this figure. From these results, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles after the movement of the front contact line are different from each other. This may result from the fact that water exhibits a hydrophobic condition against the SR substrate, which means that the contact line is basically hard to move. In addition, the front contact line moves towards the dry surface and the rear contact line moves towards the wet surface. These conditions may induce the difference in the gradients. Figure 7 shows the effect of the liquid property on the changes in the contact angles. The mass concentrations of ethanol are 0 wt%, 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%. The droplet volumes are the same at 100 µL in each case. In the cases of 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles are similar to each other. This may result from two cases that are relatively hydrophilic against the solid surface, which indicates that the contact line is easy to move. Therefore, it was thought that the difference in the surface conditions, such as wettability, in these cases does not strongly reflect to the differences in the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*|.

strongly reflect to the differences in the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*|.

strongly reflect to the differences in the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*|.

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**Figure 6.** Change in advancing and receding the contact angles of water droplets during the inclination of the solid substrate. The blue and red solid lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 6.** Change in advancing and receding the contact angles of water droplets during the inclination of the solid substrate. The blue and red solid lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 6.** Change in advancing and receding the contact angles of water droplets during the inclination of the solid substrate. The blue and red solid lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively.

moves towards the wet surface. These conditions may induce the difference in the gradients. Figure 7 shows the effect of the liquid property on the changes in the contact angles. The mass concentrations of ethanol are 0 wt%, 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%. The droplet volumes are the same at 100 μL in each case. In the cases of 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles are similar to each other. This may result from two cases that are relatively hydrophilic against the solid surface, which indicates that the contact line is easy to move. Therefore, it was thought that the difference in the surface conditions, such as wettability, in these cases does not

moves towards the wet surface. These conditions may induce the difference in the gradients. Figure 7 shows the effect of the liquid property on the changes in the contact angles. The mass concentrations of ethanol are 0 wt%, 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%. The droplet volumes are the same at 100 μL in each case. In the cases of 20.6 wt% and 39.3 wt%, the gradients of |d*θ*(*α*)/d*α*| between the advancing and receding contact angles are similar to each other. This may result from two cases that are relatively hydrophilic against the solid surface, which indicates that the contact line is easy to move. Therefore, it was thought that the difference in the surface conditions, such as wettability, in these cases does not

lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. *4.2. Evaluation of Adhesion Forces*  **Figure 7.** Effect of the liquid property on the changes in the contact angles. The blue and red solid lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively. **Figure 7.** Effect of the liquid property on the changes in the contact angles. The blue and red solid lines represent the front and rear contact lines movement, respectively.

#### Figure 8 shows the relationship between sin*α*cFCL or sin*α*cRCL and *D*0/*V*0 in each liquid *4.2. Evaluation of Adhesion Forces 4.2. Evaluation of Adhesion Forces*

property. The open and solid circles represent the critical inclined angles of sin*α*cFCL and sin*α*cRCL, respectively. The red solid line represents the linear fitting by Equation (1) to the experimental data. The critical inclined angles of sin*α*cFCL and sin*α*cRCL indicate the points where the front and rear contact lines start to move, respectively. Equation (1) is applied to the condition where the droplet moves. For example, as shown in Figure 7a, if the front contact line moves at first where the rear contact line is pinned, after that, the rear contact Figure 8 shows the relationship between sin*α*cFCL or sin*α*cRCL and *D*0/*V*0 in each liquid property. The open and solid circles represent the critical inclined angles of sin*α*cFCL and sin*α*cRCL, respectively. The red solid line represents the linear fitting by Equation (1) to the experimental data. The critical inclined angles of sin*α*cFCL and sin*α*cRCL indicate the points where the front and rear contact lines start to move, respectively. Equation (1) is applied to the condition where the droplet moves. For example, as shown in Figure 7a, if the front contact line moves at first where the rear contact line is pinned, after that, the rear contact Figure 8 shows the relationship between sin*α* c FCL or sin*α* c RCL and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> in each liquid property. The open and solid circles represent the critical inclined angles of sin*α* c FCL and sin*α* c RCL, respectively. The red solid line represents the linear fitting by Equation (1) to the experimental data. The critical inclined angles of sin*α* c FCL and sin*α* c RCL indicate the points where the front and rear contact lines start to move, respectively. Equation (1) is applied to the condition where the droplet moves. For example, as shown in Figure 7a, if the front contact line moves at first where the rear contact line is pinned, after that, the rear contact line starts to move and slide, the open circle is below the solid one. Therefore, the red solid line is used for the fitting. This means that the linear fitting of Equation (1) for the experimental data includes both conditions of sinα c FCL and sin*α* c RCL, as seen in Figure 8b–d. From the results of Figure 8, most data show that the front contact line moves before the rear contact line moves. In addition, the differences between the points of front and rear contact line becomes small as the ethanol concentration increases. By fitting Equation (1) to the experimental data shown in Figure 8, the adhesion force of *E*<sup>W</sup> and *E*W' can be evaluated for each liquid property. *E*<sup>F</sup> in Equation (4) can be evaluated based on the experimental data for the contact angles of droplet, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

**Figure 8.** Relationship between critical inclined angles of sinα<sup>c</sup> FCL and sinα<sup>c</sup> RCL and *D*0/*V*0 in each liquid property. **Figure 8.** Relationship between critical inclined angles of sinα c FCL and sinα c RCL and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> in each liquid property.

line starts to move and slide, the open circle is below the solid one. Therefore, the red solid line is used for the fitting. This means that the linear fitting of Equation (1) for the experimental data includes both conditions of sinαcFCL and sin*α*cRCL, as seen in Figure 8b–d. From the results of Figure 8, most data show that the front contact line moves before the rear contact line moves. In addition, the differences between the points of front and rear contact line becomes small as the ethanol concentration increases. By fitting Equation (1) to the experimental data shown in Figure 8, the adhesion force of *E*W and *E*W' can be evaluated for each liquid property. *E*F in Equation (4) can be evaluated based on the experi-

mental data for the contact angles of droplet, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 9 shows the droplet size dependency of the adhesion forces in each liquid property. The red solid line indicates the adhesion force of *E*W evaluated by the linear fitting approach. Here, the estimated values of *E*W are 7.7 × 10−3, 6.8 × 10−3, 4.5× 10−<sup>3</sup> and 3.3 × 10−3 Nm−1 for 0 wt%, 7.7 wt%, 20.9 wt% and 39.3 wt%, respectively. The open and solid circles represent the adhesion forces of *E*F and *E*W', respectively. The results indicate that the values of *E*W' and *E*F in the case of 0 wt% deviate from the value of *E*W as the droplet volume increases. In Figure 9a, the experimental data of *E*W' and *E*F largely deviate from the linear line of *E*W as the droplet volume increases. On the other hand, the deviation of *E*W' and *E*F from *E*W gradually decreases as the ethanol concentration increases. In the case of 39.3 wt%, the values of *E*W' and *E*F almost coincide with *E*W. This volume effect on the adhesion forces may result from the deformation of the droplet shape Figure 9 shows the droplet size dependency of the adhesion forces in each liquid property. The red solid line indicates the adhesion force of *E*<sup>W</sup> evaluated by the linear fitting approach. Here, the estimated values of *<sup>E</sup>*<sup>W</sup> are 7.7 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> , 6.8 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> , 4.5<sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> and 3.3 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> Nm−<sup>1</sup> for 0 wt%, 7.7 wt%, 20.9 wt% and 39.3 wt%, respectively. The open and solid circles represent the adhesion forces of *E*<sup>F</sup> and *E*W', respectively. The results indicate that the values of *E*W' and *E*<sup>F</sup> in the case of 0 wt% deviate from the value of *E*<sup>W</sup> as the droplet volume increases. In Figure 9a, the experimental data of *E*W' and *E*<sup>F</sup> largely deviate from the linear line of *E*<sup>W</sup> as the droplet volume increases. On the other hand, the deviation of *E*W' and *E*<sup>F</sup> from *E*<sup>W</sup> gradually decreases as the ethanol concentration increases. In the case of 39.3 wt%, the values of *E*W' and *E*<sup>F</sup> almost coincide with *E*W. This volume effect on the adhesion forces may result from the deformation of the droplet shape due to the gravity. The cases from the case (b) to case (d) are basically hydrophilic condition against the SR solid substrate. This means that the droplet height is low and the center of gravity is close to the solid surface. On the other hand, case (a) displays hydrophobic conditions. The center of gravity is far from the solid surface compared with the hydrophilic one. Therefore, the droplet shape easily deforms due to the gravity force in the hydrophobic case.

drophobic case.

**Figure 9.** Relationship between adhesion force and *D*0/*V*0 in each liquid property. **Figure 9.** Relationship between adhesion force and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> in each liquid property.

Figure 10a,b represents the images when the front and rear contact line starts to move, respectively. From Figure 10a, it can be seen that the advancing contact angle almost takes the same value as the receding one. However, in Figure 10b, the receding contact angle is smaller than the advancing one, which implies the deformation of the droplet shape. On the other hand, in the case of 39.3 wt%, as shown in Figure 11, the advancing and receding contact angles take similar values in both cases of Figure 11a,b. This means that the droplet deformation almost does not arise in the case of high ethanol concentration. From Figure 9, in addition to the result in Figure 8, at least, it can be seen that the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force is not so significant if the value of *D*0/*V*0 is larger than 1.5 × 105 m−2. Here, Figure 12 shows the relationship between the bond number (Bo = ρ<sup>l</sup>*gh*02/*σ*lg) evaluated by the initial droplet information and *D*0/*V*0 in each liquid property. In this figure, this criterion physically means the boundary where the Bo is less than unity depicted by the red dashed line. Figure 10a,b represents the images when the front and rear contact line starts to move, respectively. From Figure 10a, it can be seen that the advancing contact angle almost takes the same value as the receding one. However, in Figure 10b, the receding contact angle is smaller than the advancing one, which implies the deformation of the droplet shape. On the other hand, in the case of 39.3 wt%, as shown in Figure 11, the advancing and receding contact angles take similar values in both cases of Figure 11a,b. This means that the droplet deformation almost does not arise in the case of high ethanol concentration. From Figure 9, in addition to the result in Figure 8, at least, it can be seen that the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force is not so significant if the value of *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> is larger than 1.5 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> <sup>m</sup>−<sup>2</sup> . Here, Figure 12 shows the relationship between the bond number (Bo = *ρ*l*gh*<sup>0</sup> <sup>2</sup>/*σ*lg) evaluated by the initial droplet information and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> in each liquid property. In this figure, this criterion physically means the boundary where the Bo is less than unity depicted by the red dashed line.

due to the gravity. The cases from the case (b) to case (d) are basically hydrophilic condition against the SR solid substrate. This means that the droplet height is low and the center of gravity is close to the solid surface. On the other hand, case (a) displays hydrophobic conditions. The center of gravity is far from the solid surface compared with the hydrophilic one. Therefore, the droplet shape easily deforms due to the gravity force in the hy-

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(**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements

(**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements

**Figure 10.** Images for onset of each contact line (CL) of the water droplet (550 μL). **Figure 10.** Images for onset of each contact line (CL) of the water droplet (550 µL). **Figure 10.** Images for onset of each contact line (CL) of the water droplet (550 μL). (**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements **Figure 10.** Images for onset of each contact line (CL) of the water droplet (550 μL).

(**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements (**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements (**a**) FCL movement where RCL is pinned (**b**) FCL and RCL movements

**Figure 12.** Relationship between Bo number of initial droplet and *D*0/*V*0. **Figure 12.** Relationship between Bo number of initial droplet and *D*0/*V*0. **Figure 12.** Relationship between Bo number of initial droplet and *D*0/*V*0. **Figure 12.** Relationship between Bo number of initial droplet and *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> .

#### *4.3. Effect of Droplet Size on Adhesion Force 4.3. Effect of Droplet Size on Adhesion Force 4.3. Effect of Droplet Size on Adhesion Force*

From the discussion in the previous section, it can be seen that the droplet size effect on the adhesion force *E*F becomes large as the droplet volume increases, as shown in Figure 9. Thus, by focusing on *E*W and *E*F, the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force can be considered, as the ratio between *E*W, which is constant, and *E*F: *E*W/*E*F. Note that, in this section, it is assumed that the inherent adhesion force between the liquid and solid is expressed by *E*W, which is obtained by the linear relationship between sinαc and *D*0/*V*0. From the discussion in the previous section, it can be seen that the droplet size effect on the adhesion force *E*F becomes large as the droplet volume increases, as shown in Figure 9. Thus, by focusing on *E*W and *E*F, the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force can be considered, as the ratio between *E*W, which is constant, and *E*F: *E*W/*E*F. Note that, in this section, it is assumed that the inherent adhesion force between the liquid and solid is expressed by *E*W, which is obtained by the linear relationship between sinαc and *D*0/*V*0. *4.3. Effect of Droplet Size on Adhesion Force*  From the discussion in the previous section, it can be seen that the droplet size effect on the adhesion force *E*F becomes large as the droplet volume increases, as shown in Figure 9. Thus, by focusing on *E*W and *E*F, the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force can be considered, as the ratio between *E*W, which is constant, and *E*F: *E*W/*E*F. Note that, in this section, it is assumed that the inherent adhesion force between the liquid and solid is From the discussion in the previous section, it can be seen that the droplet size effect on the adhesion force *E*<sup>F</sup> becomes large as the droplet volume increases, as shown in Figure 9. Thus, by focusing on *E*<sup>W</sup> and *E*F, the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force can be considered, as the ratio between *E*W, which is constant, and *E*F: *E*W/*E*F. Note that, in this section, it is assumed that the inherent adhesion force between the liquid and solid is expressed by *E*W, which is obtained by the linear relationship between sinα<sup>c</sup> and *D*0/*V*0.

Since the result for Bo in Figure 12 exhibits a similar trend in Figure 9, the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> may be related to Bo. In particular, from the expression of Equation (2), the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> indicates a pre-factor *cf* and means the factor which corrects *E*F to *E*W if the constant *E*W is thought as the adhesion forces between liquid and solid. From the results in Figures 9 and 12, a simple relationship can be deduced as follows: Since the result for Bo in Figure 12 exhibits a similar trend in Figure 9, the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> may be related to Bo. In particular, from the expression of Equation (2), the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> indicates a pre-factor *cf* and means the factor which corrects *E*F to *E*W if the constant *E*W is thought as the adhesion forces between liquid and solid. From the results in Figures 9 and 12, a simple relationship can be deduced as follows: expressed by *E*W, which is obtained by the linear relationship between sinαc and *D*0/*V*0. Since the result for Bo in Figure 12 exhibits a similar trend in Figure 9, the ratio *E*<sup>F</sup> may be related to Bo. In particular, from the expression of Equation (2), the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> indicates a pre-factor *cf* and means the factor which corrects *E*F to *E*W if the constant *E*W is thought as the adhesion forces between liquid and solid. From the results in Figures 9 and Since the result for Bo in Figure 12 exhibits a similar trend in Figure 9, the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> may be related to Bo. In particular, from the expression of Equation (2), the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> indicates a pre-factor *c<sup>f</sup>* and means the factor which corrects *E*<sup>F</sup> to *E*<sup>W</sup> if the constant *E*<sup>W</sup> is thought as the adhesion forces between liquid and solid. From the results in Figures 9 and 12, a simple relationship can be deduced as follows:

F

*E*

F

$$\frac{E\_\mathrm{w}}{E\_\mathrm{F}} = a\mathrm{Bo} + b\tag{6}$$

Here, from the result in Figure 9, the *E*<sup>F</sup> approaches *E*<sup>W</sup> as the droplet size becomes small (increase of *D*0/*V*0). This indicates one limit condition in Equation (6) that *b* is unity because the size effect on the adhesion force becomes small and *E*<sup>W</sup> ≈ *E*<sup>F</sup> when Bo→0. Figure 13 shows the relationship between the ratio *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> and Bo in each liquid case. The trend in the figure exhibits a relatively linear relationship between *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> and Bo. By fitting Equation (6) to the experimental data in Figure 13, the value *<sup>a</sup>* is estimated as –1.31 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>1</sup> <sup>±</sup> 0.42 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>1</sup> . Here, from the result in Figure 9, the *E*F approaches *E*W as the droplet size becomes small (increase of *D*0/*V*0). This indicates one limit condition in Equation (6) that *b* is unity because the size effect on the adhesion force becomes small and *E*W ≈ *E*F when Bo→0. Figure 13 shows the relationship between the ratio *E*W/*E*F and Bo in each liquid case. The trend in the figure exhibits a relatively linear relationship between *E*W/*E*F and Bo. By fitting Equation (6) to the experimental data in Figure 13, the value *a* is estimated as–1.31 × 10−1 ± 0.42 × 10−1.

**Figure 13.** Relationship between Bo number and the ratio of adhesion force *E*W and *E*F. **Figure 13.** Relationship between Bo number and the ratio of adhesion force *E*<sup>W</sup> and *E*F.

The relative errors among the adhesion forces of *E*W, *E*Fexp and *E*West (Equation (6)) are evaluated in Figure 14. Here, the relative error is calculated by the following relation. The relative errors among the adhesion forces of *E*W, *E*<sup>F</sup> exp and *E*<sup>W</sup> est (Equation (6)) are evaluated in Figure 14. Here, the relative error is calculated by the following relation.

$$e(E) = 100 \times \left| \frac{E\_W - E}{E\_W} \right| \tag{7}$$

In the figure, the values of *E*Fexp and *E*West are substituted into *E* in Equation (7), and the white and black circles represent the relative error of *e*(*E*West) and *e*(*E*Fexp), respectively. The estimated values of *E*West by Equation (6) shows relatively good agreement with the linear fitting value of *E*W; for example, the relative error for *E*Fexp becomes large as the droplet volume increases in each liquid case. On the other hand, the relative errors for *E*West are smaller than that that for *E*Fexp. This indicates that the size effect of the droplet on the adhesion force can be well correlated by the simple linear relation of Equation (6). In fact, it is reported that the pre-factor *cf* in Equation (2) is related to the size of the droplet [32,33]. However, there is a large discrepancy for the water case in the case of the large droplet. In the water case, the deformation of the droplet is larger than that of other cases. This might relate to the lack of the consideration for the physical conditions, such as a force balance at the contact line and the effect of the droplet surface shape on the adhesion force. Concretely speaking, the models mentioned in the Section 2 are mainly the retention force in the horizontal direction at the contact line. However, forces such as the vertical force at the contact line and the Laplace pressure of the droplet surface are also important factors to determine the droplet conditions. Therefore, such factors must be considered in Equa-In the figure, the values of *E*<sup>F</sup> exp and *E*<sup>W</sup> est are substituted into *E* in Equation (7), and the white and black circles represent the relative error of *e*(*E*<sup>W</sup> est) and *e*(*E*<sup>F</sup> exp), respectively. The estimated values of *E*<sup>W</sup> est by Equation (6) shows relatively good agreement with the linear fitting value of *E*W; for example, the relative error for *E*<sup>F</sup> exp becomes large as the droplet volume increases in each liquid case. On the other hand, the relative errors for *E*<sup>W</sup> est are smaller than that that for *E*<sup>F</sup> exp. This indicates that the size effect of the droplet on the adhesion force can be well correlated by the simple linear relation of Equation (6). In fact, it is reported that the pre-factor *c<sup>f</sup>* in Equation (2) is related to the size of the droplet [32,33]. However, there is a large discrepancy for the water case in the case of the large droplet. In the water case, the deformation of the droplet is larger than that of other cases. This might relate to the lack of the consideration for the physical conditions, such as a force balance at the contact line and the effect of the droplet surface shape on the adhesion force. Concretely speaking, the models mentioned in the Section 2 are mainly the retention force in the horizontal direction at the contact line. However, forces such as the vertical force at the contact line and the Laplace pressure of the droplet surface are also important factors to determine the droplet conditions. Therefore, such factors must be considered in Equation (6) from a comprehensive point of view in the future.

tion (6) from a comprehensive point of view in the future.

**Figure 14.** Relative errors of *e*(*E*West) and *e*(*E*Fexp) in each liquid case. The values of *e*(*E*West) and *e*(*E*Fexp) are calculated by Equation (7) as 100 × |(*E*<sup>W</sup> − *E*West)/*E*W| and 100 × |(*E*<sup>W</sup> − *E*Wexp)/*E*W|, respectively. *E*W, *E*Fexp and *E*West are estimated by Equations (1), (4) and (6), respectively. **Figure 14.** Relative errors of *e*(*E*<sup>W</sup> est) and *e*(*E*<sup>F</sup> exp) in each liquid case. The values of *e*(*E*<sup>W</sup> est) and *e*(*E*<sup>F</sup> exp) are calculated by Equation (7) as 100 <sup>×</sup> |(*E*<sup>W</sup> <sup>−</sup> *<sup>E</sup>*<sup>W</sup> est)/*E*W| and 100 <sup>×</sup> |(*E*<sup>W</sup> <sup>−</sup> *<sup>E</sup>*<sup>W</sup> exp)/*E*W|, respectively. *E*W, *E*<sup>F</sup> exp and *E*<sup>W</sup> est are estimated by Equations (1), (4) and (6), respectively.

#### **5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions**

The sliding behavior of water–ethanol binary mixture liquids on the silicone rubber was experimentally investigated. The adhesion forces between the liquid and solid surface were evaluated based on the existing models. In particular, the size effect on the adhesion forces were considered by setting the wide range of droplet volumes. The sliding behavior of water–ethanol binary mixture liquids on the silicone rubber was experimentally investigated. The adhesion forces between the liquid and solid surface were evaluated based on the existing models. In particular, the size effect on the adhesion forces were considered by setting the wide range of droplet volumes.

From the results, the critical inclined angle where the front contact line (FCL) starts to move is smaller than that of the rear contact line (RCL) in the case of 0 wt%. However, as the ethanol concentration increases, two values of the critical inclined angles take similar one. Although it was found that the relationship between the critical inclined angle where the droplet starts to move and the *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> exhibits almost a linear relation in the high ethanol concentration case, the data for large droplets in the case of 0 wt% deviate from the linear relation. In fact, the adhesion force *E*F evaluated using the droplet contact angles (Equation (4)) exhibits larger value than that of the adhesion force of *E*<sup>W</sup> evaluated by a linear fitting approach (Equation (1)). This may result from the deformation of the droplet shape where the deformation of the hydrophobic case is larger than that of the hydrophilic case. This means that the adhesion forces will be influenced by the droplet volume (deformation) if the existing models are used for the evaluation of the adhesion force. From the present study, at least, it was found that the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force is not so large if the value of *D*0/*V*0 is larger than 1.5 × 105 m−2. This criterion is the boundary where the Bo of the initial droplet is less than unity. This would become one of the From the results, the critical inclined angle where the front contact line (FCL) starts to move is smaller than that of the rear contact line (RCL) in the case of 0 wt%. However, as the ethanol concentration increases, two values of the critical inclined angles take similar one. Although it was found that the relationship between the critical inclined angle where the droplet starts to move and the *D*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> exhibits almost a linear relation in the high ethanol concentration case, the data for large droplets in the case of 0 wt% deviate from the linear relation. In fact, the adhesion force *E*<sup>F</sup> evaluated using the droplet contact angles (Equation (4)) exhibits larger value than that of the adhesion force of *E*<sup>W</sup> evaluated by a linear fitting approach (Equation (1)). This may result from the deformation of the droplet shape where the deformation of the hydrophobic case is larger than that of the hydrophilic case. This means that the adhesion forces will be influenced by the droplet volume (deformation) if the existing models are used for the evaluation of the adhesion force. From the present study, at least, it was found that the effect of the droplet size on the adhesion force is not so large if the value of *<sup>D</sup>*0/*V*<sup>0</sup> is larger than 1.5 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> <sup>m</sup>−<sup>2</sup> . This criterion is the boundary where the Bo of the initial droplet is less than unity. This would

judgement criteria for the appropriate droplet volume for the evaluation of the adhesion

become one of the judgement criteria for the appropriate droplet volume for the evaluation of the adhesion force. Furthermore, to consider the effect of the droplet deformation on the adhesion force, the relationship between *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> and Bo is considered. The result indicates that the *E*W/*E*<sup>F</sup> exhibits the good linearity with respect to Bo, which means that the droplet deformation can mainly be considered by the Bo. However, for increased understanding of the larger deformation of the droplet, further detailed investigation is needed by considering the vertical force relation and the Laplace force exerted on the droplet because the relationship used in the present work is only the lateral force relation on the solid surface.

**Author Contributions:** Y.Y. performed conceptualization data curation, writing—original draft preparation, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing, and conceived methodology. Y.F. and Y.S. performed experimental investigations. T.K. performed conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing, and conceived methodology. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant number 17K14590 and 21K03860) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. LQ21E090011).

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available in article.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **Nomenclature**

The parameters used in the present paper are listed below.


190
