**1. Introduction**

This review focuses on the recent discoveries on the role of Marinobufagenin (MBG) in CV and kidney diseases. MBG is one of the more interesting molecules belonging to the family of bufadienolides. They are part of the cardiac glycoside [1–3] group of molecules that have significant physiological and biochemical differences but share the ability to inhibit the adenosine triphosphatase sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase), an enzyme which is ubiquitous in cell membranes. They play a role in positive cardiac inotropism, as they have natriuretic and vasoconstrictive properties. Bufadienolides were initially found in several animal species, characterized by different phylogeny, suggesting their relevance in evolution (Table 1). We highlight, in particular, the role of MBG as a cardiotonic steroid in humans, as they have relevant roles in many different clinical conditions characterized by body fluid volume expansion, such as pre-eclampsia (PE), hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Table 2). In recent years, a growing interest has emerged in its role as a novel potential biomarker for cardiovascular (CV) disease.

**Citation:** Carullo, N.; Fabiano, G.; D'Agostino, M.; Zicarelli, M.T.; Musolino, M.; Presta, P.; Michael, A.; Andreucci, M.; Bolignano, D.; Coppolino, G. New Insights on the Role of Marinobufagenin from Bench to Bedside in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2023**, *24*, 11186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms241311186

Academic Editors: Márcia Carvalho and Luís Belo

Received: 15 March 2023 Revised: 3 July 2023 Accepted: 4 July 2023 Published: 6 July 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).



**Table1.**PrincipalknowneffectsofMBGonseveralorgansandsystemsinPre-clinicalconditions.







RBG:

resinobufagenin;

 ROS: reactive oxygen species; UC: uremic

cardiomyopathy.

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*Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2023**, *24*, 11186

