*2.4. Simulation Environment*

As simulation environment for the HITL simulation campaigns, the Air Traffic Management and Operations Simulator (ATMOS) [40] of the DLR, Braunschweig Air Traffic Validation Center was selected. The software NARSIM (NLR's Air traffic Management Real-time Simulator) version 8.1 was deployed as generic real-time simulation software [41]. Furthermore, the aircraft's performance was modelled based on the BADA (Base of aircraft data) model version 3.15 by EUROCONTROL [42]. For the HITL simulations, one CWP and three simulation pilot positions were configured. All four working positions were connected via a simulated radio connection (Voice over IP). Simulation pilots were responsible for implementing the aircraft clearances communicated by ATCO

via radio connection. Within this study, one simulation pilot controlled up to four aircraft, depending on the traffic situation and flow. A simulation pilot was provided with a slightly different display compared to the ATCO, consisting of the following elements.

