**1. Introduction**

Axicons are diffractive optical elements which have a line focus. Importantly. axicons are Bessel beam generators and can be used for a range of different applications including optical trapping [1,2]. Bessel beams are important as they are diffraction resistant and can be used for optical imaging applications [3] and biomedical applications such as ultrasound imaging [4–6]. (Figure 1) shows the lens axicon with its unique large depth of focus (DOF) and Bessel beam generation.

In this body of work, an optimal and record processing time for micro-optical components is described, where the process used has fewer steps and is more cost effective than previous attempts. Instead of using axicon lenses, micro-optical binary surface axicons with a two phase or amplitude configurations are used. The extra configurations give rise to, in total, three different diffractive optical elements: a conventional surface axicon, surface photon sieve axicon (PSA), and sparse surface photon sieve axicon (sparse PSA) which were directly milled onto a sapphire substrate.

This particular micro-optical component falls into the category of diffractive optics and plays an important role in many areas of research; furthermore, they have been manufactured using different techniques. The techniques generally employed are photolithography [7], electron beam lithography [8], and ion beam lithography [9], which are time-consuming and expensive, making the device itself expensive. Femtosecond laser

**Citation:** Smith, D.; Ng, S.H.; Han, M.; Katkus, T.; Anand, V.; Juodkazis, S. Imaging with Diffractive Axicons Rapidly Milled on Sapphire by Femtosecond Laser Ablation. *Eng. Proc.* **2023**, *34*, 26. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/HMAM2-14147

Academic Editor: Kaupo Kukli

Published: 13 March 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

ablation is superior to all of the above methods with only one exception: the ability to deliver a practical solution for large areas such as millimeter-to-centimeter-scale micro-optical element fabrication [10–13]. Lately, there has been a shift in focus in imaging research from using coherent light sources to incoherent ones due to the many advantages of the latter, such as their broad applicability, low cost, and high resolving power. We have used femtosecond fabrication with ablation to rapidly fabricate two-level axicons directly onto sapphire substrates. Two configurations, conventional ring and sieve configurations, were produced. Furthermore, our work focused on rapid fabrication to manufacture large-area diffractive optical elements for astronomical imaging applications [14].

**Figure 1.** Conventional axicon lens simulated in OSLO software for application at a wavelength of 550 nm. Depth of focus equation for conventional axicon lens.

The beam characteristics were investigated for a spatially incoherent illumination since it is available at low cost and is therefore relevant to large-scale astronomical applications. In astronomy, large area devices are required which can be easily manufactured using femtosecond fabrication systems. The optical configuration of light diffracted from a point object is incident on a diffractive axicon and the intensity distribution is recorded (shown in Figure 2).

**Figure 2.** Optical configuration for the generation of Bessel beams by a diffractive axicon. u is the distance from the object being imaged, and v is the distance between the imaging axicon to the sensor. In this case u = v. Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2022 Applied Physics B.

#### **2. Results and Discussion: Laser Ablation and Imaging**

#### *2.1. Laser Ablation*

The fabrication was carried out on a sapphire substrate of 500 μmin thickness and 10 mm by 10 mm in size. Sapphire has a refractive index of *nsapphire* = 1.76 and has a spectral window from 300 nm to 6000 nm. The milling depth, t, is determined by the relationship between the wavelength that the diffractive optical element is desired to interact with and the refractive index of the material (*t* = *λ*/2(*nsapphire* − 1)). The thickness t was determined to be 400 μm for *λ* ≈ 600 nm. The wavelength source for optical testing is 617 nm. Acetone and Iso-Propyl alcohol were used to clean the substrate prior to fabrication.

Three optical devices—a conventional surface axicon, surface photon sieve axicon (PSA), and sparse surface photon sieve axicon (sparse PSA), shown in Figure 3a,b,c respectively—were created using the light conversion PHAROS laser operating at a 200 kHz repetition rate, *λ* = 1030 nm wavelength, 2.5 W average power, 230 fs pulse duration and a 5× magnification, NA = 0.14 numerical aperture Mitutoyo Plan APO NIR infinity corrected objective lens. Two pulses per ablation spot were used to ablate the regions of the axicon; as a consequence, these more heavily overlapped regions incurred ripple formation. The attenuator serves to create more precise beam energies in combination with the objective lens. Here, a 5 μJ beam was used to achieve the fabrication which led to pulse energies of 70 TW/cm2, even though the ablation threshold of sapphire is only in the order of 10 TW/cm<sup>2</sup> and with ablation spots with a diameter of 8.9 μm.

**Figure 3.** Optical microscope images of the three different devices created: a conventional surface axicon (**a**), surface photon sieve axicon (PSA) (**b**), and sparse surface photon sieve axicon (sparse PSA) (**c**). Below we provide the optical profilometer images of the conventional surface axicon (**d**) and sparse surface photon sieve axicon (sparse PSA) (**e**). Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2022 Applied Physics B.

#### *2.2. Imaging*

Optical testing was carried out according to Figure 2 using a high-power LED and a spectral filter to improve the temporal coherence. A pinhole with a size of 100 μm and a cross shaped object Figure 4a,b were used for imaging. A 3× magnifying system was used to re-image the intensity distribution that is close to the diffractive optical elements on an image sensor. These optical elements were mounted one after the other and the intensity distributions were recorded at 5 mm for the axicon, PSA and sparse PSA. The pinhole was replaced by a cross object and the intensity patterns again were recorded at 3 cm from the DOEs. Again, the images were cleaned using non-linear reconstruction and to further improve the cleaning results, additional filters such as a median filter and correlation filters were used. A significant difference was seen in the cleaned images compared to the original images without filters.

**Figure 4.** Intensity distribution of cross object recorded at (**a**) z = 5 cm and (**b**) z = 6 cm and the corresponding cleaned images (**c**) z = 5 cm and (**d**) z = 6 cm, respectively. Intensity distribution of synthetic object 'APHB' recorded at (**e**) z = 5 cm and sparse (**f**) z = 6 cm and the corresponding cleaned images (**g**) z = 5 cm and (**h**) z = 6 cm, respectively. Reprinted with permissions from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2022 Applied Physics B.

#### **3. Conclusions and Future Works**

This study showed that the fabrication time could be cut to 10 min using the femtosecond laser fabrication method for large-area, i.e., 5 mm × 5 mm, objects. It was noticed that the beam overlap during milling resulted in the redeposition of material resulting in a lower depth than the case without beam overlap, which is contrary to the common belief that overall higher exposure with the beam overlap increases the depth. An increase in roughness has been noticed and it is contributed to by the redeposition and light-matter interaction at temperature changes due to the ablation process. It is noted that debris will have to be reduced to avoid a build-up of rough areas. Some of the latest developments in astronomical spectral imaging technologies such as FOBOS require numerous micro-optical devices for the successful implementation of free space to fiber bundle coupling for spectral imaging. The current work shows the possibility of rapid fabrication and beam cleaning capable of retrieving spatial information in addition to the recorded spectral information.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, S.J., V.A. and S.H.N.; investigation, D.S., M.H., V.A. and T.K.; writing— original draft preparation, D.S.; review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Australian Research Council, grant number LP190100505. S.J. is grateful for startup funding from the Nanotechnology Facility at Swinburne and to the Workshop-on-Photonics for the technology transfer project, which installed the first industrial grade microfabrication setup in Australia. Part of this study was created during a Grand Challenge undergraduate project of A.T.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
