*Article* **Between Tyranny and Anarchy: Islam, COVID-19, and Public Policy**

**Mahan Mirza**

Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; mmirza@nd.edu

**Abstract:** Research on the causes for vaccine resistance among Nigerian Muslims reveals what the philosopher Žižek terms a "heaven in disorder:" lack of trust in public institutions, conspiracy theories, ignorance of basic science, individual apathy, and faith in "Allah as the only protector." Other social contexts demonstrate far greater compliance. How can governments improve outcomes in vaccine resistant communities amidst such complexity, especially in instances where theology provides a right to dissent? Alongside a right to dissent, "obedience to authority" for the sake of social and political harmony is also an important principle of Islamic thought. It has the ability to enhance widespread compliance to public health guidelines by obligating the setting aside of private convictions in favor of collective cooperation. Religious literacy is an important element for responding effectively to pandemics, and by extension, other global emergencies. While policymakers must tailor their outreach to incommensurable worldviews in society, the human family must also imagine effective political models for cooperation despite divergence in worldviews. Otherwise, societies may need to choose between tyranny and anarchy. This article adds to efforts already underway which aim to demonstrate that engagement with religious norms, rather than their dismissal, represents the most promising path towards tackling vaccine resistance, especially in communities in which religious authority significantly informs social practice.

**Keywords:** COVID-19; Islam; authority; science; governance; Nigeria; vaccination policy; political theology
