*Article* **Power Losses Minimization for Optimal Operating Maps in Power-Split HEVs: A Case Study on the Chevrolet Volt**

**Antonella Castellano and Marco Cammalleri \***

Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; antonella.castellano@unipa.it **\*** Correspondence: marco.cammalleri@unipa.it

**Abstract:** The power-split architecture is the most promising hybrid electric powertrain. However, a real advantage in energy saving while maintaining high performance can be achieved only by the implementation of a proper energy management strategy. This requires an optimized functional design before and a comprehensive analysis of the powertrain losses after, which could be rather challenging owing to the constructive complexity of the power-split transmission, especially for multimode architecture with multiple planetary gearing. This difficulty was overcome by a dimensionless model, already available in the literature, that enables the analysis of any power-split transmission, even in full electric operation. This paper relies on this approach to find the operating points of the internal combustion engine and both electric machines which minimize the total power losses. This optimization is carried out for given vehicle speed and demanded torque, by supposing different scenarios in respect of the battery capability of providing or gathering power. The efficiency of the thermal engine and the electric machines is considered, as well as the transmission mechanical power losses. The aim is to provide a global efficiency map that can be exploited to extract data for the implementation of the most suitable real-time control strategy. As a case study, the procedure is applied to the multi-mode power-split system of the Chevrolet Volt.

**Keywords:** hybrid electric vehicles; power-split powertrain; global efficiency; multi-mode transmission; Voltec analysis
