*3.2. Localization of TaPAL Genes on the Chromosomes*

The predicted *TaPAL* genes were localized on *Triticum aestivum* chromosomes. For this purpose, 37 *TaPAL* genes were mapped to chromosomes of common wheat based on physical positions, as shown in Figure 1. Our results showed that the distribution pattern of the *TaPAL* genes was different on each chromosome. The maximum number (six) of *PAL* genes were present on chromosome 1B and 2B followed by chromosome 2A (five genes), chromosome 2D (four genes), and chromosomes 1A, 1D, 6B, and 6D (three genes each), while chromosome 5B had two genes. The remaining chromosomes (4A and 6A) each contained a single gene. The shortest chromosome was 6D with three genes, while the largest chromosome was 2B containing six genes. Some genes were far away from each other, and some genes were in cluster form, which indicates that these may contains a single QTL. Thus, the chromosomal localization studies revealed an uneven distribution of the 37 candidate genes on all the chromosomes of *T. aestivum* (Figure 1). In nature there are two types of duplication involved in evolution. The first is first tandem duplication (among two or more genes on the same chromosome) and the second is segmental duplication (among different chromosomes and the same clades). *TaPAL25/TaPAL7*, *TaPAL33/TaPAL29*, *TaPAL37/TaPAL18*, *TaPAL25/TaPAL14*, *TaPAL33/TaPAL11*, *TaPAL37/TaPAL27*, *TaPAL18/TaPAL27*, *TaPAL1/TaPAL14*, *TaPAL29/TaPAL11*, *TaPAL34/TaPAL22*, *TaPAL12/TaPAL23*, *TaPAL36/TaPAL35*, *TaPAL34/TaPAL16*, *TaPAL22/TaPAL16*, *TaPAL24/TaPAL3*, *TaPAL24/TaPAL19*, *TaPAL28/TaPAL26*, *TaPAL32/TaPAL30*, and *TaPAL3/TaPAL19* are segmentally duplicated in wheat.
