**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Common Wheat PAL Gene Characterization and Identification*

Systematic approaches were used to identify and characterize *TaPAL* genes from the *T. aestivum* genome using various genomic resources and tools. Finally, 37 full-length coding *PAL* genes were identified. The results evidenced that the 37 sequences containing *PAL*-HAL domains belonged to the *PAL* gene family (Supplementary File S1). The detailed information on these identified genes, including gene ID, chromosomal location, start and ending genomic position, protein length, and other related information, are summarized in Table 2. The stability of protein can be checked through the number of amino acids. The peptide length of deduced TaPAL proteins ranged from 498 (*TaPAL37*) to 714 (*TaPAL7*) amino acids with corresponding molecular weights ranging from 52.78 to 77.34 kDa with an average weight 74.97 kDa. Their predicted isoelectric (IP) points varied from 5.76 (*TaPAL35*) to 7.57 (*TaPAL31*), indicating that different TaPAL proteins function in different microenvironments. This IP value was used to measure the net charge on the proteins. The proteins with IP < 7 were considered as acidic and IP > 7 as basic. Thirty-five of the 37 *TaPAL* genes were acidic in nature. In addition, analysis of the subcellular localization of the *T. aestivum* indicated that all 37 PAL transcripts are localized in the cytoplasm (Table 2).
