*3.3. Identification of Conserved Protein Domains and Motifs in TaPAL Proteins*

The MEME server was used to analyze the conserved domains (motifs) within the TaPAL gene family. The MEME program resulted in the identification of 10 conserved motifs of the 37 TaPAL members (Figure 2). The length of the predicted motifs ranged from 40 to 49 amino acids. Motif 9 and motif 10 were primarily present in all genes except the *TaPAL13*, *TaPAL37*, and *TaPAL31* genes. Figure 2B shows that motifs 8, 9, and 10 were not present on the *TaPAL37* gene. Furthermore, motifs 1–7 were conserved in all groups of the phylogenetic tree. The SMART database's result indicated that all *TaPAL* genes contain a well-conserved aromatic lyase domain (PF00221) [56]. This domain (e-value 2.4e-153) starts from 56 aa and ends at 536 aa (Figure 2D and Supplementary File S2).


 wheat.


AA, amino acid; MW, molecular weight (g/mol); IP, isoelectric point; Chrom, chromosome; St, strand; R. reverse strand; F, forward strand.

**Table 2.** *Cont*.

**Figure 1.** Localization of 37 *TaPAL* genes on wheat chromosomes. Each bar starts from the top, contains the chromosome number, and ends at the bottom. Genes numbers are according to Table 2. The size of the chromosome and the position of *TaPAL* are represented by the vertical scale in megabasepairs (Mb).
