**1. Introduction**

Land is the spatial carrier of national survival and development [1–3]. Land is multifunctional. It can provide various products and services to human beings through different land-use functions [4,5]. The classification of land-use functions from the perspective of "production–living–ecological" space (PLES) has been recognized by more and more

**Citation:** Liang, T.; Yang, F.; Luo, Y.; Fang, M.; Huang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wen, C.; Ren, X. The Synchronous Development Pattern and Type Division of Functional Coupling Coordination and Human Activity Intensity Based on the "Production–Living–Ecological" Space Perspective: A Case Study of Wanzhou District. *Land* **2022**, *11*, 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land11111897

Academic Editors: Li Ma, Yingnan Zhang, Muye Gan and Zhengying Shan

Received: 16 September 2022 Accepted: 23 October 2022 Published: 26 October 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

scholars [6–8]. It includes production, living, and ecological functions (PLEFs) [9,10]. The production function (PF) refers to the social output function of using land as the labor carrier to produce products and services [11]. The living function (LF) refers to the function that various land types provide to ensure human survival and growth [12]. The ecological function (EF) is the natural basis and function for maintaining human survival and development, which occurs in the ecosystem and its processes [13]. With the rapid growth of urbanization, intensified human activities have caused severe disturbances to land-use. The function and pattern of land have undergone drastic changes [14,15]. The competition and conflict of the PLES are becoming increasingly fierce [16]. Additionally, the imbalance problems and contradictions of the PLEFs are becoming increasingly prominent [11,17,18] and many other issues frequently occur [19–24]. The sustainable utilization of territorial space and the relationship between humans and land are facing severe crises and challenges [11,25]. Accurately understanding the changes in the PLEFs and their relations with the intensity of human activities is the basis for carrying out territorial space planning and coordinating the relationship between humans and land [26–28].

The research on PLES functions has mainly focused on the following aspects: (1) the definition of concept and connotation [29], spatio-temporal pattern evolution research [30], classification and function evaluation [31], coupling coordination degree (CCD) research [6,32], spatial layout optimization of PLES and land-use policy, etc. The degree of interaction and coordination between multiple systems can be calculated by the CCD model [33], which has been widely used and achieved fruitful results [34,35]. Scholars generally use human activity intensity (*HAI*) to measure the degree of human interference with the natural environment. However, when related to research on the degree of land-use, single indicators, such as the land utilization rate and land development intensity, are often used [36], resulting in one-sided research results. In addition, the selection of indicators and the determination of weights in these studies are primarily targeted at specific regions, with the defects of intense subjectivity and poor universality. Based on this, this study adopts the *HAI* measurement model [37]. The percentage of the equivalent area of construction land to the total area of provincial land is used in this model. This method can reflect the comprehensive status of regional land-use degrees and has strong universality. These methods provide an essential reference for measuring the CCD and *HAI* in Wanzhou District. However, research on the relationship between them in ecologically fragile areas has not been systematically and deeply carried out. It is urgent that new research ideas are injected for further research.

Wanzhou District is located in the central area of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) and is the financial center of the TGRR. The ecological environment in this area is fragile and highly sensitive to human activities [38]. Therefore, we took ArcGIS 10.4 as the technology platform and adopted land-use raster data. The technical solution for this paper is shown in Figure 1. We aimed to study the evolution characteristics of the CCD and its relationship with the *HAI* in Wanzhou District from 2000 to 2020. This could reveal the evolution of the human–land relationship in Wanzhou District. The results of this study will contribute to the adjustment and optimization of various ecological policies in the hinterland of the TGRR. We provided a typical example for the study of sustainable development in the reservoir area of central and western China, mountainous areas, and similar areas in developing countries. The objectives of this paper include the following:


*2.1. Study Area*

*2.2. Data*

to the CCD of the PLEFs;

*Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18

(3) Use a synchronous development model to explore the response process of the HAI

(4) Divide the development types and put forward different regulation strategies.

(4) Divide the development types and put forward different regulation strategies.

to the CCD of the PLEFs;

**Figure 1.** The primary steps of the technical solution. **Figure 1.** The primary steps of the technical solution. **2. Materials and Methods**

#### **2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods** *2.1. Study Area*

#### *2.1. Study Area* Wanzhou District is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the heart

Wanzhou District is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the heart of the TGRR. It is the second‐largest city in Chongqing. It covers an area of 3457 km2, with 12 townships, 29 towns, and 11 subdistricts under its jurisdiction. It also has the dual char‐ acteristics of a mountain city and a river city (Figure 2). According to the Seventh National Census bulletin of Wanzhou District, by the end of 2020, the total population was 172.57 million, with an urbanization rate of 68.92%. It is the district with the largest population, the most significant urban volume, and the most management units in Chongqing. The terrain of Wanzhou District is mainly mountainous, and forest is the primary land cover type (53.5%). Purple soil, yellow soil, and lime soil are the main soil types. After three impoundments in the TGRR, the inundated area and the scale of the resettlement project in Wanzhou District are huge. During this period, land‐use and the intensity of human activities have undergone significant changes. The ecological environment and landscape pattern change clearly in the area, which is a typical representative area of the hinterland of the TGRR. Therefore, taking Wanzhou District as the study area, this paper will be helpful in revealing the general law of the coupling and coordinated evolution of the Wanzhou District is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the heart of the TGRR. It is the second-largest city in Chongqing. It covers an area of 3457 km<sup>2</sup> , with 12 townships, 29 towns, and 11 subdistricts under its jurisdiction. It also has the dual characteristics of a mountain city and a river city (Figure 2). According to the Seventh National Census bulletin of Wanzhou District, by the end of 2020, the total population was 172.57 million, with an urbanization rate of 68.92%. It is the district with the largest population, the most significant urban volume, and the most management units in Chongqing. The terrain of Wanzhou District is mainly mountainous, and forest is the primary land cover type (53.5%). Purple soil, yellow soil, and lime soil are the main soil types. After three impoundments in the TGRR, the inundated area and the scale of the resettlement project in Wanzhou District are huge. During this period, land-use and the intensity of human activities have undergone significant changes. The ecological environment and landscape pattern change clearly in the area, which is a typical representative area of the hinterland of the TGRR. Therefore, taking Wanzhou District as the study area, this paper will be helpful in revealing the general law of the coupling and coordinated evolution of the PLEFs and their response to the human activity intensity in other ecologically vulnerable areas. of the TGRR. It is the second‐largest city in Chongqing. It covers an area of 3457 km2, with 12 townships, 29 towns, and 11 subdistricts under its jurisdiction. It also has the dual char‐ acteristics of a mountain city and a river city (Figure 2). According to the Seventh National Census bulletin of Wanzhou District, by the end of 2020, the total population was 172.57 million, with an urbanization rate of 68.92%. It is the district with the largest population, the most significant urban volume, and the most management units in Chongqing. The terrain of Wanzhou District is mainly mountainous, and forest is the primary land cover type (53.5%). Purple soil, yellow soil, and lime soil are the main soil types. After three impoundments in the TGRR, the inundated area and the scale of the resettlement project in Wanzhou District are huge. During this period, land‐use and the intensity of human activities have undergone significant changes. The ecological environment and landscape pattern change clearly in the area, which is a typical representative area of the hinterland of the TGRR. Therefore, taking Wanzhou District as the study area, this paper will be helpful in revealing the general law of the coupling and coordinated evolution of the PLEFs and their response to the human activity intensity in other ecologically vulnerable

**Figure 2.** Administrative division of Wanzhou District. **Figure 2.** Administrative division of Wanzhou District.

#### **Figure 2.** Administrative division of Wanzhou District. *2.2. Data 2.2. Data*

areas.

This paper adopted the land-use raster data of Chongqing from 2000, 2010, and 2020. The resolution is 30 m × 30 m. The data were downloaded from the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc. cn/ (accessed on 5 June 2022)). We used a mask extraction tool to extract the data from

Wanzhou District. These data include the following types: cultivated land, woodland, grassland, water area, urban and rural industrial and mining areas and residential land, and unused land. The social–economic data of the Wanzhou District primarily came from the Chongqing Statistical Yearbook (2021), including the total area, population, urban population, urbanization rate, forest coverage rate, etc.

## *2.3. Methods*

#### 2.3.1. Evaluation of PLEFs

Based on the current research results and guided by the functional theory of PLEF, the concepts of strong production land, semi-production land, and weak production land; strong living land, semi-living land, and weak living land; and strong ecological land, semi-ecological land, and weak ecological land were introduced. In addition, according to the existing studies [2,6,39,40], the hierarchical assignment method was used to assign the applicable scores of various functional lands (Table 1).

**Table 1.** Index system of PLEFs.


Firstly, to more accurately identify the land types and evaluate the "production–living– ecological" function, based on the existing research [24] and the actual situation of the research area, the fishing net tool was used to determine the 300 m × 300 m grid as the evaluation unit. We divided Wanzhou District into 39,230 evaluation units. Secondly, the frequency statistics tool was used to calculate the area of each land-use type in each evaluation unit. Thirdly, the multi-factor weighted summation method was used to sum up the functional scores of each evaluation unit. Finally, the results were analyzed by visual mapping to reveal the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the PLEFs in Wanzhou District. The formula is as follows:

$$\mathcal{W}\_{\dot{l}} = \sum\_{i=1}^{n} \mathbb{S}\_{i} \times \mathcal{V}\_{i} \tag{1}$$

where *W<sup>j</sup>* is the functional evaluation value of subsystem *j* in the study area, *j* = 1, 2, 3; *W*1, *W*2*,* and *W*<sup>3</sup> are the evaluation values of the production space functional system, living space functional system, and ecological space functional system, respectively; *I* is the land-use type; *n* is the number of land-use types included in each evaluation unit; *S<sup>i</sup>* represents the area of each land-use type in each evaluation unit, and the unit is km<sup>2</sup> ; and *Vi* represents the function score corresponding to the *i*-th land-use type (Table 1).

#### 2.3.2. PLEF Coupled Coordination Model

The CCD, introduced from physics, describes the degree of the interaction influence of two or more systems. The coupling effect and coordination degree determine the sustainable development of the system [33]. To explore the spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of the coupling coordination relationship between the PLEFs in Wanzhou District at different periods, considering relevant research results [41,42] and based on the actual study, a measuring model of the coupling degree of the PLEFs in Wanzhou District was constructed.

$$\mathcal{C} = \Im \left\{ \frac{P\_{\bar{l}} \times R\_{\bar{l}} \times E\_{\bar{l}}}{\left(P\_{\bar{l}} + R\_{\bar{l}} + E\_{\bar{l}}\right)^{3}} \right\}^{1/3} \tag{2}$$

where *C* is the coupling degree of the PLEFs in Wanzhou District, and the value range is [0–1]. The value of *C* is determined by the evaluation value of the PLEFs. *P<sup>i</sup>* , *R<sup>i</sup>* , and *Ei* represent the evaluation scores of the production, living, and ecological functions in Wanzhou District, respectively. The higher the value of *C*, the stronger the interaction and influence within the PLEFs. Using the Natural Breakpoint classification method, the coupling degree of the PLEFs in the study area was divided into four types (Table 2).

**Table 2.** Stage division of the coupling degree of PLEF.


To further explore whether the PLEFs are mutually promoted to a high level or mutually restricted to a low level, we constructed the CCD model to further analyze the comprehensive coordination development degree between the PLEFs. The formula is as follows:

$$D = \left(\mathbb{C} \times T\right)^{1/2}, \; T = \mathfrak{a}P\_{\mathrm{i}} + \mathfrak{f}\mathbb{R}\_{\mathrm{i}} + \gamma E\_{\mathrm{i}} \tag{3}$$

where *D* is the CCD between the PLEFs in Wanzhou District. The higher the *D* value of the PLEFs, the better the coupling coordination between functions. *T* is the comprehensive coordination index among the PLEFs; and *α*, *β*, and *γ* are the undetermined coefficients of the PF, LF, and EF, respectively. Based on the existing research results, the undetermined coefficient was determined to be *α* = *β* = 0.3, *γ* = 0.4.

To further explore the interaction degree and coordinated development of the production–living function, production–ecological function, and living–ecological function, Equations (2) and (3) can be further subdivided into:

$$\mathbf{C}\_{1} = 2 \left\{ \frac{P\_{\mathrm{i}} \times R\_{\mathrm{i}}}{\left(P\_{\mathrm{i}} + R\_{\mathrm{i}}\right)^{2}} \right\}^{1/2}, \; \mathbf{C}\_{2} = 2 \left\{ \frac{P\_{\mathrm{i}} \times E\_{\mathrm{i}}}{\left(P\_{\mathrm{i}} + E\_{\mathrm{i}}\right)^{2}} \right\}^{1/2}, \; \mathbf{C}\_{3} = 2 \left\{ \frac{R\_{\mathrm{i}} \times E\_{\mathrm{i}}}{\left(R\_{\mathrm{i}} + E\_{\mathrm{i}}\right)^{2}} \right\}^{1/2} \tag{4}$$

$$D = \left(\mathbb{C} \times T\right)^{1/2}, \ T\_1 = \alpha P\_{\text{i}} + \beta R\_{\text{i}} \text{ or } T\_2 = \alpha P\_{\text{i}} + \gamma E\_{\text{i}} \text{ or } T\_3 = \beta R\_{\text{i}} + \gamma E\_{\text{i}} \tag{5}$$

According to current research results [43], when measuring the CCD between the production and living functions, *α* = *β* = 0.5. When calculating the CCD between the production and ecological functions, *α* = 0.45, *γ* = 0.55. When calculating the CCD between the ecological and living functions, *β* = 0.45, *γ* = 0.55. By referring to relevant research results [36,37] and combining them with this study, the CCD of the PLEFs can be divided into three stages: good coordination, barely coordinated, and dysregulation recession (Table 3).

**Table 3.** Stage division of the CCD of the PLEFs.


#### 2.3.3. Human Activities Intensity Measurement Model

The *HAI* is an effective index to calculate the intensity of the human transformation of nature. In this paper, we used the construction land equivalent to measure the *HAI* in Wanzhou District. The areas of different land-use types were converted into corresponding construction land equivalents according to their conversion coefficients of construction land equivalents. Then, *HAI* was calculated according to the equivalent sum of construction land of different land-use types in the region [37]. The calculation formulas are as follows:

$$HAI\_i = \frac{S\_{CLE-i}}{S\_i} \times 100\% \tag{6}$$

$$\mathcal{S}\_{\rm CLE-ij} = \sum\_{j=1}^{n} \mathcal{S} L\_{ij} \times \mathcal{C} I\_{ij} \tag{7}$$

where *HAI<sup>i</sup>* is the human activity intensity in the *i*-th region, *SCLE*−*<sup>i</sup>* is the equivalent area of construction land in the *i*-th region, *S<sup>i</sup>* is the total area of the *i*-th region, *SLij* is the area of the *j*-th land-use type in the *i*-th region, *CIij* is the equivalent conversion coefficient of construction land of the *j*-th land-use type in the *i*-th region, and *n* is the number of landuse types in the *i*-th region. Referring to existing studies [44], the equivalent conversion coefficient (*CIij*) of construction land for different land-use types is shown in Table 4.

**Table 4.** Equivalent conversion coefficient of construction land for different land-use types.


2.3.4. The Synchronous Development Model

The relationship between the *HAI* and the CCD of the PLEFs is not only a state at a specific time point, but also a changing process at different time points. Therefore, a synchronous development model was constructed in this paper. We used this model to reveal the synchrony characteristics (lead or lag) of the changes in the CCD of the PLEFs and the *HAI* level in different years [45,46]. The results can provide a basis for the formulation of differentiated regulation strategies. The calculation formula is as follows:

$$T = D - HAI \tag{8}$$

where *T* is the synchronous development degree. If *T* > 0.1, the coordination degree of the PLEFs is relatively higher than the *HAI*, and the *HAI* is lagging, which is defined as the lagging type of development. In this type, *HAI* does not negatively affect the coupling and coordinated development of the PLEFs. If −0.1 ≤ *T* ≤ 0.1, their difference is slight. When there is more balance, it is defined as the synchronous type of development. In this type, the *HAI* and coupling coordination development of the PLEFs are in synchronous coordination; If *T* < −0.1, it means that the *HAI* is relatively higher than the CCD of the PLEFs. The *HAI* is leading development, defined as the leading type of development. This type of *HAI* negatively affects the coupling and coordinated development of the PLEFs.

#### **3. Results**

#### *3.1. Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of the PLEFs*

#### 3.1.1. Production Function

From 2000 to 2020, the production function in Wanzhou District increased yearly, showing a spatial distribution characteristic of higher values in the west and lower values in the east (Figure 3). High values were mainly distributed in Gaofeng Town, Shuanghekou Street, Longdu Street, and other places. In the east of Wanzhou District, Zouma Town, Puzi Town, Lishu Town, Dibao Tujia Town, and the Yangtze River had lower values. Owing to the implementation of environmental protection policies along the Yangtze River basin, the land used for industrial and mining construction in the coastal areas was rectified and transferred. The area of land used for intensive production in the Yangtze River basin is decreasing. Tai'an Town, Puzi Township East, Dibao Tujia Township, and the other regions in the past 20 years have developed their strong production land area to vigorously develop the economy. Therefore, the production function scores of the coastal regions of the Yangtze River Basin, Tai'an Town, the eastern part of Puzi Town, Dibao Tujia Town, and other areas changed significantly.

#### 3.1.2. Living Function

From 2000 to 2020, the area with a high living function value in Wanzhou District expanded year by year, showing the spatial distribution characteristics with higher elevation in the central area and lower around (Figure 3). The high value was mainly distributed in the central towns of Wanzhou District, including Pailou Street, Chenjiaba Street, and Wuqiao Street. In the rapid urbanization process in Wanzhou District, especially in the combination of urban and rural areas, the population flow was large, leading to increases in the urban land around the central towns. The living function score changed most significantly in these areas.

#### 3.1.3. Ecological Function

From 2000 to 2020, the evaluation value of the ecological function in Wanzhou District showed a spatial distribution with higher values in the east and lower values in the west (Figure 3). The area with high weight was mainly distributed in Puzi Township, Lishu Township, and Zouma Town. The area with low weight was mainly distributed in the central towns of Wanzhou District and the coastal areas of the Yangtze River Basin, and the scope expanded year by year. Owing to the development concept of "clear water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains" and the implementation of the policies of "returning farmland to forest or grassland" and "returning farmland to the lake", the ecological environment along the Yangtze River basin was restored, and its ecological

function was enhanced. Therefore, the ecological function scores in these areas changed dramatically. *Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

In general, the evaluation values of the ecological function and the other two functions in Wanzhou District showed evident spatial complementarity in their distribution.

**Figure 3.** Spatial–temporal evolution of the PF(A), LF(B), and EF(C) from 2000 to 2020. **Figure 3.** Spatial–temporal evolution of the PF(A), LF(B), and EF(C) from 2000 to 2020.

#### 3.1.2. Living Function *3.2. Coupling Coordination Degree of the PLEsF*

#### 3.2.1. Coupling Degree

*Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18

dramatically.

2000 to 2020.

3.2.1. Coupling Degree

*3.2. Coupling Coordination Degree of the PLEsF*

towns of Wanzhou District decreased.

From 2000 to 2020, the area with a high living function value in Wanzhou District expanded year by year, showing the spatial distribution characteristics with higher eleva‐ tion in the central area and lower around (Figure 3). The high value was mainly distrib‐ uted in the central towns of Wanzhou District, including Pailou Street, Chenjiaba Street, and Wuqiao Street. In the rapid urbanization process in Wanzhou District, especially in the combination of urban and rural areas, the population flow was large, leading to in‐ creases in the urban land around the central towns. The living function score changed In the spatial dimension, the coupling degree of the PLEFs in Wanzhou District showed the distribution characteristics of high in the west and low in the east. In Gaofeng Town, Jiuchi Town, and other areas, the coupling degree of the PLEFs reached the highest value of "1". This indicates that the PLEFs of these regions had a great degree of mutual influence. In the temporal dimension, the interaction within the PLEFs in Wanzhou District weakened from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, the weakening range gradually expanded in the center of Chenjiaba Street (Figure 4). Town, Jiuchi Town, and other areas, the coupling degree of the PLEFs reached the highest value of "1". This indicates that the PLEFs of these regions had a great degree of mutual influence. In the temporal dimension, the interaction within the PLEFs in Wanzhou Dis‐ trict weakened from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, the weakening range gradually expanded in the center of Chenjiaba Street (Figure 4).

and green mountains are gold and silver mountains" and the implementation of the pol‐ icies of "returning farmland to forest or grassland" and "returning farmland to the lake", **Figure 4.** Coupling degree of the PLEFs in 2000(a), 2010(b), and 2020(c) **Figure 4.** Coupling degree of the PLEFs in 2000 (**a**), 2010 (**b**), and 2020 (**c**).

the ecological environment along the Yangtze River basin was restored, and its ecological

has received counterpart support from China. In this stage, Wanzhou District vigorously developed its economy, and the areas of urban residential land, industrial and mining land, and land for transportation and water conservancy increased significantly. Moreo‐ ver, it constantly encroached on ecological space, leading to the weakening of ecological functions and causing the coupling degree of the PLEFs to become lower and lower from

In general, the evaluation values of the ecological function and the other two func‐

Since the establishment of the TGRR and the direct jurisdiction of Chongqing Munic‐

In the spatial dimension, the coupling degree of the PLEFs in Wanzhou District showed the distribution characteristics of high in the west and low in the east. In Gaofeng

As shown in Figure 5, the production–living function (PLF) coupling degree of cen‐ tral towns in Wanzhou District had a significant value, with the highest value reaching "1", the scope of which gradually expanded with Pailou Street as the center. This shows that the interaction of central towns in Wanzhou District continued to strengthen. With the continuous development of the economy, the infrastructure of Wanzhou District con‐ tinuously improved. During the past 20 years, economic production developed vigor‐ ously, and the production function reached a dominant position. The production function provides the financial basis and material guarantee for the living function. Therefore, the living function of the central town also improved, and the degree of mutual influence between production and living function increased. The coupling degree of the living–eco‐ logical function (LEF) changed little, except in the central urban area. The spatial distribu‐ tion of the production–ecological function (PEF) coupling was higher in the west than in the east. In 2015, Wanzhou District actively implemented the policy of "returning farm‐ land to forest or grassland." The area of forest and grassland in Wanzhou District signifi‐ cantly increased, and the ecosystem was restored. Therefore, the coupling degree of PEF in Wanzhou District grew yearly. The interaction between the production and ecological functions has become more robust. However, due to the irreversible impact of economic construction on the ecological environment, the coupling degree of PEF in the central

tions in Wanzhou District showed evident spatial complementarity in their distribution.

Since the establishment of the TGRR and the direct jurisdiction of Chongqing Municipality, Wanzhou District, the second-largest city of Chongqing and the heart of the TGRR, has received counterpart support from China. In this stage, Wanzhou District vigorously developed its economy, and the areas of urban residential land, industrial and mining land, and land for transportation and water conservancy increased significantly. Moreover, it constantly encroached on ecological space, leading to the weakening of ecological functions and causing the coupling degree of the PLEFs to become lower and lower from 2000 to 2020.

As shown in Figure 5, the production–living function (PLF) coupling degree of central towns in Wanzhou District had a significant value, with the highest value reaching "1", the scope of which gradually expanded with Pailou Street as the center. This shows that the interaction of central towns in Wanzhou District continued to strengthen. With the continuous development of the economy, the infrastructure of Wanzhou District continuously improved. During the past 20 years, economic production developed vigorously, and the production function reached a dominant position. The production function provides the financial basis and material guarantee for the living function. Therefore, the living function of the central town also improved, and the degree of mutual influence between production and living function increased. The coupling degree of the living–ecological function (LEF) changed little, except in the central urban area. The spatial distribution of the production–ecological function (PEF) coupling was higher in the west than in the east. In 2015, Wanzhou District actively implemented the policy of "returning farmland to forest or grassland." The area of forest and grassland in Wanzhou District significantly increased, and the ecosystem was restored. Therefore, the coupling degree of PEF in Wanzhou District grew yearly. The interaction between the production and ecological functions has become more robust. However, due to the irreversible impact of economic construction on the ecological environment, the coupling degree of PEF in the central towns of Wanzhou District decreased.

#### 3.2.2. Coupling Coordination Degree

In Wanzhou District, the CCD of the PLEFs was at the coordination level. The spatial distribution decreased from northwest to southeast, and the regional difference was noticeable. The western region of Wanzhou District exhibited good coordination, including Zhushan Township, Gaofeng Town, Lihe Town, and other areas. However, the area of this region decreased from 2198.46 km<sup>2</sup> in 2000 to 2142.99 km<sup>2</sup> in 2020. This shows that the CCD of the PLEFs decreased in the study area. The barely coordinated area had a wide distribution range, but was relatively scattered, and its area showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The dysregulation recession area was mainly distributed in the eastern and southeastern regions of Wanzhou District, including Longju Town, Lishu Town, Dibao Tujia Town, and the east part of Puzi Town. Its area showed an increasing trend from 566.71 km<sup>2</sup> in 2000 to 625.84 km<sup>2</sup> in 2020. It can be concluded that, although the coordination area of the PLEFs was dominant, the coordination level decreased in Wanzhou District (Figure 6).

Regarding the CCD of PLF, Wanzhou District was generally in a moderate state of coordination. The spatial distribution included high values in the middle and low values on the two sides, and regional differences were apparent. Most of the western part of Wanzhou District was in a barely coordinated area, including Longsha Town, Ganning Town, Sunjia Town, etc. The moderate coordination area decreased from 2557.00 km<sup>2</sup> in 2000 to 2478.39 km<sup>2</sup> in 2020. The eastern and southeastern regions were in dysregulated recession, including Longju Town, Puzi Town, Zouma Town, etc. Its area showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The good coordination area was mainly distributed in the central towns of Wanzhou District, such as Longdu Street, Bell and Drum Tower Street, Pailou Street, etc. The spatial distribution was more concentrated, and its area showed an increasing trend. This indicates that the CCD of PLF in Wanzhou District improved. This was mainly due to the construction and development of central towns in Wanzhou District and the continuous improvement of infrastructure, which provide space-bearing

*Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

and material guarantees of living functions. The CCD between the production and life functions improved and was at the coordination level (Figure 7). *Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

**Figure 5.** Coupling degree of PLF(A), PEF(B), and LEF(C). **Figure 5.** Coupling degree of PLF (**A**), PEF (**B**), and LEF (**C**). coordination area of the PLEFs was dominant, the coordination level decreased in Wan‐ zhou District (Figure 6).

Town, Dibao Tujia Town, and the east part of Puzi Town. Its area showed an increasing

eastern and southeastern regions of Wanzhou District, including Longju Town, Lishu **Figure 6.** Coupling **Figure 6.** coordination Coupling coordination degree of the PLEFs in 2000 ( degree of the PLEFs in 2000(a), 2010(b), **a** and 2020(c). ), 2010 (**b**), and 2020 (**c**).

trend from 566.71 km2 in 2000 to 625.84 km2 in 2020. It can be concluded that, although the coordination area of the PLEFs was dominant, the coordination level decreased in Wan‐ zhou District (Figure 6). Regarding the CCD of PEF, Wanzhou District was in a moderate coordination state. The spatial distribution features included high values on both sides and low values in the middle, and the regional difference was pronounced. Most of the eastern and western areas of Wanzhou District were in good coordination, such as Zishui Town, Danzi Town, Puzi Town, etc. The coordination area decreased from 3358.24 km<sup>2</sup> in 2000 to 3300.50 km<sup>2</sup> in 2020, indicating that the CCD of production and life decreased. The barely coordinated area showed a point distribution, and the area showed an upward trend. The moderate coordination area increased by 12.48 km<sup>2</sup> . The central region was in dysregulation recession, including Chenjiaba Street, Pailou Street, etc. Its area showed an increasing trend, and the

**Figure 6.** Coupling coordination degree of the PLEFs in 2000(a), 2010(b), and 2020(c).

area of the discordant area increased by 45.26 km<sup>2</sup> over the past 20 years. Owing to the excessive production development and human activities, ecological damage in the central region was caused. The CCD of PEF was at an uncoordinated level, and the scope gradually expanded (Figure 7). *Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

**Figure 7.** Coupling coordination degree of PLE(A), PEF(B), and LEF(C). **Figure 7.** Coupling coordination degree of PLE (**A**), PEF (**B**), and LEF (**C**).

*3.3. Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of HAI* From 2000 to 2020, the human activity intensity in Wanzhou District showed an in‐ creasing trend. It was 17.47% in 2000, 17.97% in 2010, and 18.81% in 2020. The HAI in Wanzhou District during different periods was divided into five levels by the GIS natural break point method (Table 5). **Table 5.** Human activity intensity at different times. **Level of HAI Standards (%) Area Ratio 2000 2010 2020** Lowest <8 0.61% 0.59% 0.58% Lower 8–15 38.49% 38.29% 38.03% Medium 15–19 27.62% 27.61% 27.46% Regarding the CCD of LEF, Wanzhou District was in a state of coupling coordination. The spatial distribution exhibited a decrease from northwest to southeast. Most of the western and northwestern areas were in good coordination, including Fanshui Town, Yujia Town, Houshan Town, etc. The area of coordination decreased from 2325.32 km<sup>2</sup> in 2000 to 2264.59 km<sup>2</sup> in 2020. The CCD of LEF in the southeast region was in dysregulation recession, including Lishu township, the eastern part of Puzi township, and the eastern part of Yanshan township. During the past 20 years, the discordant area increased by 60.22 km<sup>2</sup> . The barely coordinated area was scattered between the uncoordinated area and the communal area, and its area showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The distribution of CCD between the production and ecological functions of central towns in Wanzhou District changed obviously. The uncoordinated area showed a trend of expansion year by year. This was mainly because domestic land continuously encroached on ecological land, resulting in the reduction of the area of ecological land and the reduction of the CCD between the living and ecological functions (Figure 7).

#### Higher 19–38 30.12% 29.29% 28.46% *3.3. Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics of HAI*

by forest and grass, playing an ecological protection role (Figure 8).

Highest >38 3.16% 4.22% 5.47% From 2000 to 2020, the human activity intensity in Wanzhou District showed an increasing trend. It was 17.47% in 2000, 17.97% in 2010, and 18.81% in 2020. The *HAI* in

Only the highest level has expanded, while the other four scales reduced. The spatial distribution of the HAI in Wanzhou District differed. The distribution pattern was "high

uted in the central towns of Wanzhou District, and the scope expanded yearly. The areas with lower and lowest levels were primarily distributed in the eastern part of Wanzhou District. This area had high elevation, and its land‐use type was ecological land dominated

**Development**

Negative type

Synchronous type

Positive type

Wanzhou District during different periods was divided into five levels by the GIS natural break point method (Table 5).


**Table 5.** Human activity intensity at different times.

Only the highest level has expanded, while the other four scales reduced. The spatial distribution of the *HAI* in Wanzhou District differed. The distribution pattern was "high in the west and low in the east". The areas with the highest level were primarily distributed in the central towns of Wanzhou District, and the scope expanded yearly. The areas with lower and lowest levels were primarily distributed in the eastern part of Wanzhou District. This area had high elevation, and its land-use type was ecological land dominated by forest and grass, playing an ecological protection role (Figure 8). *Land* **2022**, *11*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18

**Figure 8.** Degree of human activity intensity in 2000(a), 2010(b), and 2020(c). **Figure 8.** Degree of human activity intensity in 2000 (**a**), 2010 (**b**), and 2020 (**c**).
