**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Demographic and Clinical Variables*

FM patients reported higher rates of depression and anxiety, and of self-reported clinical pain, depression, anxiety, fatigue and insomnia, than healthy participants. Additionally, FM patients used more opioid and non-opioid analgesics, anxiolytics, and antidepressants than healthy participants (Table 1).

#### Group Comparisons

The MANOVA revealed a significant main effect of group on general cognitive performance (F[15, 67] = 2.20, *p* = 0.015, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.33), but no main effect of BMI (F[15, 67] = 1.69, *p* = 0.075, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.27).

Table 2 displays the means and standard deviations of the cognitive parameters. Univariate analysis showed significant group differences in all performance variables, except information processing speed (Condition 2 of both the TMT and 5DT) and all TAVEC verbal memory conditions; the FM patients showed poorer performance than the healthy participants. A significant main effect of BMI was also observed on selective and sustained attention (d2\_TR, d2\_CON, d2\_TOT), information processing speed (Condition 2 of the TMT and Conditions 2–4 of the 5DT), and verbal memory (RI\_AT, RL\_CP, and RL\_LP conditions of the TAVEC). Higher BMI was associated with poorer cognitive performance for these conditions.

**Table 2.** Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of cognitive performance parameters for the FM patients and healthy controls: F, *p* and η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** values indicating the main effects of group and body mass index (BMI) are also presented.


Note: d2 = d2 Attention test; D-KEFS = Delis–Kaplan Executive Function Test Battery Trail Making Test; ROCF = Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; 5FDT = Five-Digit Test; TAVEC = Test de Aprendizaje Verbal Español-Complutense.

The MANOVAs performed to compare cognitive performance between FM patients with and without depression or anxiety disorders (SCID) did not reveal a significant main effect of the presence of depression (F[15, 35] = 0.69, *p* = 0.775, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.23), but there was a trend toward better performance by patients with anxiety disorders (F(15, 35) = 1.96, *p* = 0.051, η**2 <sup>p</sup>** = 0.46). However, in univariate analysis, the effect of the presence of anxiety disorders was non-significant for all measured cognitive variables. Moreover, in multivariate analysis, there was no main effect of medication use (F[15, 35] = 1.00, *p* = 0.476, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.30 for anxiolytics; F[15, 35] = 0.57, *p* = 0.875, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.20 for analgesics; F[15, 35] = 1.17, *p* = 0.339, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.33 for antidepressants; and F[15, 35] = 0.52, *p* = 0.914, η**<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup>** = 0.18 for opioids).
