**1. Introduction**

Mine operation is a high-risk industry. Although the number of mine production accidents and deaths has decreased significantly in recent years, it still occasionally occurs. According to statistics and analysis of coal mine production safety accidents in China from 2010 to 2019, statistics of major gas explosion accidents in coal mines from 2011 to 2020, statistical analysis and prevention countermeasures of coal mine accidents from 2008 to 2020, it is found that the number of accidents and deaths is the least in winter, and the number of accidents and deaths is the most in summer. The main reasons are as follows: the production days in winter are less, and the safety management of coal mines during the Spring Festival is more strict; in summer, the weather is hot and humid, and there are many mosquitoes, which affect the rest of the employees. Employees are prone to being impetuous and sleepy, and their safety awareness is relaxed. The unsafe behavior of employees is affected by emotions, the working environment, and the management system, which leads to mine accidents [1–5]. Therefore, predicting people's unsafe behavior and taking corresponding preventive measures is one of the effective means to reduce accidents.

A large number of scholars at home and abroad have studied the unsafe behavior of people. Dana Willmer summarizes the degree of various factors of 338 accidents in the United States. Human factors are the most important cause of accidents, and management is the second most important reason [6]. Donald et al. found that the personality characteristics of miners are closely related to the occurrence of accidents [7]. Glenn Legault et al. believed that the miners' working environment, unsafe psychological state, working pressure, and coal mine shift system would hurt and harm miners' unsafe behavior [8–10].

**Citation:** Jiang, X.; Zhong, S.; Liang, J. Simulation of Unsafe Behavior in Mine Operation Based on the SMAPP Model. *Processes* **2023**, *11*, 1732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11061732

Academic Editor: Carlos Sierra Fernández

Received: 18 May 2023 Revised: 4 June 2023 Accepted: 5 June 2023 Published: 6 June 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Hu Zhe et al. established a cognition-based model of workers' safety behavior ability to study the effect of safety training on the improvement of safety behavior ability [11]. Zhang Han et al. analyzed coal mine production accidents and their causes from 2001 to 2015 and proposed a new idea of production safety management based on risk pre-control management [12]. Zhang Denghao et al. pointed out through a questionnaire survey and analysis that emotional burnout played a complete mediating role between job demands and unsafe behaviors, and behavior style moderated the indirect effect of job demands on unsafe behaviors [13]. Yang Dong et al. studied the relationship between safety awareness and unsafe behavior of electric power employees with different personality traits and found that neuroticism was significantly positively correlated with unsafe behavior. Agreeableness, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness were significantly negatively correlated with unsafe behavior. Openness has a negative predictive effect on unsafe behavior, and neuroticism and agreeableness have a significant regulatory effect on safety awareness of unsafe behavior [14]. Based on the theoretical framework of social cognition, Yang Zhenhong et al. established the regulating effect of accident experience on miners' unsafe behavior under the regulating effect of a safe atmosphere [15]. Zhou Jianliang et al. found that psychological adjustment can effectively control workers' unsafe behaviors [16]. Li Guangli et al. found that tension, infirmity, anxiety, depression, irritability, boredom, and drowsiness are the key unsafe emotions that miners experience more frequently in daily life. Anger and tension have certain differences among different marital statuses and different types of work, and depression has certain differences among different types of work and working years [17]. Zhang Yuliang studied the influence of outport employees' emotional changes on production safety in coal enterprises and proposed corresponding management countermeasures [18]. Liu Jialun et al. found that when workers have more safety knowledge and work experience, the cognitive process of dangerous accidents tends to be objective and rational, and the risk sensitivity increases accordingly [19], and Tian Shuicheng adopted the entropy weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to comprehensively evaluate the unsafe state of front-line miners and concluded that the importance of family support was the largest, while the importance of self-efficacy was the least [20].

As a complex individual, there are many factors affecting human behavior. Some scholars have clarified the attributes of human beings. There is no unified view on which characteristics and factors of human beings will affect human behavior. Ren Hao believes that physiological factors, such as the human nervous system and endocrine system, psychological factors, such as human motivation, feeling, ability, character, etc., and family, media, public policy, and other social factors, can affect people's behavior [21]. Zhang Jian also pointed out that people's emotions are related to people's performance, and proved this with the famous Yex–Dodson's law [22].

This paper attempts to make a comprehensive analysis of the subject 'person' of unsafe behavior, based on fuzzy rules (fuzzy rules are binary fuzzy relations R defined on X × Y). There are two explanations for A → B: one is A coupling B, and the other is A leading to B. Based on these two explanations and different operators, fuzzy rules can have a variety of legal calculation formulas). According to the existing research results, this paper constructs the SMAPP (sentiment–motivation–ability–personality–pressure) model from five aspects—emotion, motivation, ability, personality, and pressure—which is referred to as the human behavior model. A simulation framework suitable for multiple scenarios and prediction groups is proposed to predict the behavior of employees, and different scenarios are simulated to analyze the behavior of mine workers. Additional events (optimization of mining enterprise management system, safety culture, humanistic care, skills training, etc.) are added to the scene where employees' unsafe behavior has an increasing trend. The direct impact of additional events on employee attributes is fuzzy-assigned. We analyzed the impact of additional events on other attributes of employees and changes in employee behavior. Measures to reduce employee unsafe behavior are proposed from the aspects of improving the working environment, reducing work intensity, and strengthening skills

training. Measures to prevent mine safety accidents are summarized from the aspects of safety culture construction and management reform.
