*Article* **Study on Time-Dependent Failure Mechanisms and CBAG Differential Support Technology of Roadway in Steeply Inclined Coal Seam**

**Zhengzheng Xie 1, Jin Wang 1,\*, Nong Zhang 1,2, Feng Guo 1, Zhe He 1, Zhe Xiang <sup>1</sup> and Chenghao Zhang <sup>3</sup>**


**Abstract:** In Sichuan Province, China, most coal seams that are mined are steeply inclined; their roadways' surrounding rocks are asymmetric, with non-equilibrium deformations and unstable anchorage structures, thus making major safety hazards highly likely. Using field observations and a universal distinct element code (UDEC) numerical simulation method, this paper analyzed the timedependent failure of the ventilation roadway of Working Face 1961 of the Zhaojiaba Mine, revealing the preconditions for such damage and a bidirectional deterioration mechanism for the deformation as well as stress of surrounding rocks. Moreover, this paper built an anchorage mechanical model for the thick layer of the roadway roof and proposed a cross-boundary anchor-grouting (CBAG) differential support technique. Calculations proved that the new support was particularly effective in restraining the expansion of tension cracks, thus preventing the slipping and dislocation deformations of rock masses on the curved roof side. The feedback of engineering applications showed that the maximum development depths of cracks in the arc roof and straight inclined roof of the roadway 150 m behind the working face are only 1.5 m and 1.10 m, decreasing by 61.3% and 47.6%, respectively, compared with the primary support. The proposed technology offers an overall thick-layer bearing structure for the surrounding rocks of roadways, effectively restraining the non-equilibrium large deformations of roadways in steeply inclined coal seams.

**Keywords:** steeply inclined coal seam; time-dependent failure; CBAG; differential support; equivalent anchorage
