**4. Simulation of Miners' Behavior Based on the SMAPP Model**

A. Simulation of miners' behaviors under different scenarios

According to the SMAPP model and its simulation framework, we simulate three scenarios for mine production employees. (1) Level III for employees with 60 points in ability, emotion, and personality. (2) Weak ability, do not want to learn and change, and mood, personality, and ability of 30 points for the poor performance of the staff corresponding to Grade V. (3) Poor behavior becomes excellent behavior. First, the behavior was set to 30 points. In the 30th week, additional events were added, and its motivation and emotion were set to 80 points to represent the change of the person. Like a person who wants to learn, eager to make changes in real life. The specific results are as follows:


for a long time, and the pressure is also reduced. Therefore, the unsafe behavior of employees gradually decreases with the increase in ability, motivation, and emotion and the decrease in pressure, to ensure the safe production of mines.

**Figure 5.** Ability trend curve of employees level III.

**Figure 6.** Motivation trend of employees level III.

**Figure 7.** Stress trend of employees level III.

**Figure 8.** Emotional trend curve of employees level III.

**Figure 9.** Unsafe behavior trend of employees level III.

**Figure 10.** Ability trend curve of employees level V.

**Figure 11.** Motivation trend of employees level V.

**Figure 12.** Stress trend of employees level V.

**Figure 13.** Emotional trends of employees level V.

**Figure 14.** Unsafe behavior trend of employees level V.

**Figure 15.** Ability trend of employees from level V to level II.

**Figure 16.** Motivation trend of employees from level V to level II.

**Figure 17.** Stress trend of employees from level V to level II.

**Figure 18.** Emotional trend of employees from level V to level II.

**Figure 19.** Unsafe behavior trend of employees from level V to level II.

#### B. Analysis of unsafe behaviors of miners and preventive measures

Through the simulation results, it can be seen that employees' emotions, motivations, abilities, personalities, and pressures directly or indirectly affect employees' behavior (unsafe behavior). The higher the scores of emotion, motivation, ability, and personality, the less unsafe behavior; the greater the pressure, the more unsafe behavior. Additional events such as employee family happiness, accident experience training, management system optimization, and promotion system improvement can change employee motivation, learning, and emotion, thus indirectly reducing employee unsafe behavior. The accident causation theory points out that human unsafe behavior is the direct cause of accidents. Therefore, reducing the occurrence of human unsafe behavior can avoid accidents to a large extent. Humans, machines, the environment, and management are indispensable. These four elements influence each other and promote each other, thus ensuring the smooth progress of mine safety production.

As a mining production enterprise where accidents occasionally occur, it must conduct questionnaire tests on employees before entry, after induction training, weekly, and after regular training, to timely understand the situation and changes in employees' sentiment, pressures, motivations, and abilities, and formulate corresponding improvement countermeasures for employees whose emotions and motivations are significantly reduced and pressures are significantly increased, thereby preventing a reduction of capacity and an increase in unsafe behavior. In terms of the preparation of the test questionnaire, the personality scale applicable to various enterprises was compiled by referring to the Big Five personality questionnaire; the mood and stress scale was compiled by referring to Li Guangli's miners' unsafe emotions questionnaire [17], Fan Wei's employees' mental resilience scale and emotion scale questionnaire [34], and Di Hongxi's employees' work stress questionnaire, and the ability scale was compiled according to the actual work needs and job types of enterprises [35]. The motivation scale was compiled by referring to the "1327" unsafe behavior control system of Bulianta Coal Mine [31] and Zhang Junjun's work motivation structure questionnaire of knowledge workers in the transition period [36].

According to the questionnaire test results (scores) of employees, the SMAPP model simulation framework was substituted for simulation to predict the changing trend of employees' unsafe behaviors, and corresponding measures were taken from the following aspects for employees with an increasing tendency of unsafe behaviors: (1) optimize the management system, develop a sound management system, promotion system, reward and punishment system, working environment, and other aspects to improve employees' job satisfaction or sense of achievement, so as to improve work motivation [37,38]; (2) strengthen the construction of corporate emotional safety culture, including emotional safety communication, emotional safety atmosphere, emotional safety measures, corporate identity, reasonable degree of safety regulations, etc., to improve the emotional stability of employees and reduce insecure emotions [39,40] (negative emotions); (3) pay attention to the training and assessment of employees' professional skills and safety skills, strengthen the training of employees' professional skills and safety skills (according to previous studies, they can be trained once a week), conduct assessment, and strictly carry out the work with certificates. Conduct regular tests on people with unsafe tendencies, and record the impact of different types of measures implemented on unsafe behaviors of employees. Because of the complexity and variability of employees, the trend curve model of various attribute factors of the SMAPP model will be studied and recorded in the future to reduce the unsafe behaviors of mine employees in a targeted way. Start from the main body of the accident to reduce the occurrence of mine accidents.

#### **5. Conclusions**

(1) The emotion, motivation, ability, personality, and stress were analyzed, and 24 attribute factors were selected to establish the SMAPP model. Analyze the mutual and interactive influence relationship of 24 attribute factors in the SMAPP model under different state values, and construct 1071 rule statements written in Python

language to record, save, and execute the mutual and interactive influence relationship of attribute factors under different state values. Build a simulation framework for multiple scenarios;


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, X.J. and S.Z.; methodology, X.J. and S.Z.; software, X.J.; validation, X.J. and S.Z.; formal analysis, X.J. and S.Z.; investigation, X.J. and S.Z.; data curation, X.J. and J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, X.J. and S.Z.; writing—review and editing, X.J., S.Z. and J.L; supervision, S.Z.; funding acquisition, S.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors are thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their kind suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
