*6.2. Urban Governance*

The key application scenarios of blockchain technology in the field of urban governance include: smart government, smart transportation, as shown in Figure 7.

So-called smart government is an e-government based on blockchain, cloud computing and other technologies. In these years, the development of e-government has encountered various problems that still need to be solved, such as low efficiency, data cannot be shared and so on. The first is to define the concept of e-government, which is understood by academics as the use of advanced information technology for collaborative governance of society and the provision of new and efficient services to the public to meet the changing social needs [97,98]. The second, how to develop from traditional government to e-government, which research shows can be developed in steps development and finally reach the level of e-government [99]. The third, how to build smart government specifically, some scholars have proposed a new government service system using GIS and cloud computing technology, which can visualize the operational information of the city [100]. This concept has been expanded, and some scholars have combined the concept of borderless with e-government to form, whose goal is to efficiently meet the needs of the public, means to integrate the process of government affairs across borders, and to collaborate organizations and information across borders weakening the organization of government functions. The goal is to efficiently meet the needs of the public by integrating government affairs processes across boundaries, collaborating organizations and information across boundaries, and weakening the organizational boundaries of government functions so that the entire government functions are truly integrated under the perspective of public services [101]. Borderless wisdom government is supported by blockchain technology, and the information of each department is stored in a distributed manner, and the mutual trust problem is solved between the nodes using consensus mechanisms, which finally forms a borderless government service system and improves the security and efficiency of government services.

Smart transportation, as one of the cores of smart cities, involves many integrated technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, which enable the coordinated operation of people, vehicles, and roads [102]. With the characteristics of blockchain technology such as polycentricity, security and trustworthiness, and smart contracts, it can realize the construction of a more efficient transportation network, and solve the government, enterprise data sharing and Intelligent management of infrastructure and other issues. On the basis of ensuring open and transparent data circulation, data security is ensured to improve the efficiency of intelligent transportation operation. However, policy failure and control hijacking caused by information security have become major hidden dangers for the promotion and application of new technologies. The application of blockchain in Telematics technology can achieve more secure, reliable data storage and authentication through data encryption and consensus mechanisms. Providing sustainable information services and effective manner, ensuring data security to safeguard telematics technology security. At the same time, through the establishment of alliances and contracts, the effective and seamless integration of information collected by smart transportation field terminals, intelligent vehicle information, manual control commands, and road infrastructure information can be realized. Thus, effectively solving traffic congestion, parking difficulties, and other traffic hotspot problems [103].

Take electric car charging piles as an example; at present, all countries in the world advocate reducing carbon emissions and using more clean energy, and the demand for electric cars is gradually increasing, but the number of charging piles is limited and the configuration is unbalanced. How to let users choose the right one for charging from the limited number of charging piles with uneven space distribution is an urgent problem to be solved. Users can log into the APP to check the distribution of available charging piles and then make a choice according to their own wishes. The whole transaction process is completed by a central processing entity in the background. Such an approach does not consider the variability of individual travelers' needs. Therefore, by introducing the concept of blockchain and adopting a decentralized smart charging contract, we can effectively help users select the most convenient parking/charging location and choose the service completely independently. The specific architecture includes four layers: user layer, in-vehicle information interaction layer, smart contract layer, and target layer [104]. The figure below shows a new management model for new transportation, where multiple types of blockchains are managed collaboratively, as shown in Figure 8. For example, German energy giant Innogy and IoT platform company Slock.it have partnered to launch a blockchain-based peer-to-peer charging project for electric vehicles. Instead of signing any power supply contract with the power company, users can simply install the Share and Charge APP on their smartphones and complete user verification to charge at Innogy's charging posts across Europe, with tariffs automatically determined by a backend program in real-time based on the prevailing and local grid load. Thanks to blockchain technology, the entire charging and tariff optimization process is fully traceable and searchable, thus significantly reducing trust costs. When charging is needed, an available charging station

nearby is found from the app and payment is made according to the price in the smart contract. However, this type of charging is not yet popular, even in Germany, where Ethereum wallets are only an option for some people, but it will still accelerate the connection between cryptocurrencies and real life

**Figure 8.** Blockchain collaborative traffic information management framework.
