**3. Results**

The main results after all the assessments were made are as follows:


For better visualization and understanding of the results, we chose to display in each category (CT with artifacts (Figure 9), CT without artifacts (Figure 10), CBCT with artifacts (Figure 11), and CBCT without artifacts (Figure 12)) the first segmented mandible. For that, we used the color mapping of the surface distance between the segmentation and the ground truth (where the segmentation is visible and the ground truth is hidden), with minimum and maximum ranges of −1.0 mm and +1.0 mm.

**Table 4.** Mean dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the **mandible with teeth** comparison.



**Table 5.** Mean dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the **mandibular teeth** comparison.

**Table 6.** Mean dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the **mandibular bone** comparison.


**Figure 9. CT with artifacts:** Color mapping of the surface distance between the segmented mandibles of the CT w/A 1 image and the ground truth (GT).

Timing: We calculated the mean values of the segmentation times for CT and CBCT with/without artifacts (Figure 13). We have shown that our in-house model performed best with the lowest mean time (2 03), followed by Brainlab (3 54) and Diagnocat (4 52). The manually segmented mandibles (those from the expert and the inexperienced user) showed similar timings (26 09 and 22 54, respectively). Materialise showed the highest mean value (85 54).

**Figure 10. CT without artifacts:** Color mapping of the surface distance between the segmented mandibles of the CT w/o A 1 image and the ground truth (GT).

**Figure 11. CBCT with artifacts:** Color mapping of the surface distance between the segmented mandibles of the CBCT w/A 1 image and the ground truth (GT).

**Figure 12. CBCT without artifacts:** Color mapping of the surface distance between the segmented mandibles of the CBCT w/o A 1 image and the ground truth (GT).

**Figure 13.** Graph of the mean timing for the segmentations.
