*4.2. Transesterification Process*

The experimental setup for the transesterification process is referred to the study conducted by Ahmad and Samsuri [11] as shown in Figure 6. To begin with, 1000 mL of palm oil was poured into a round-bottom flask. Next, the flask was heated at a reaction temperature of 60 ◦C, which is controlled by the heating mantle. At the same time, 12.75 g KOH was dissolved in 225 mL of methanol. After that, the solution of methanol and KOH was poured into the heated oil in the flask and stirred for 10 min. The product obtained from this transesterification process is known as crude biodiesel. Later, 1 mL of the product was extracted into a glass vial for DSC and GCMS analysis.

**Figure 6.** Transesterification method setup.
