**2. Modelling of DC-DC Buck Converter Mathematical**

The synoptic scheme of the DC-DC buck converter is depicted in Figure 1. It consists of an on and off controlled semiconductor (Transistor IGBT, T), a natural commuted semiconductor (Diode, D), a smoothing current system (inductor, L), and a smoothing voltage system (capacitor, C). It is powered by a direct current voltage source and feeds a resistive load.

**Figure 1.** Synoptic scheme of the DC-DC buck converter.
