**2. Solar PV and Battery Energy Storage System**

The rooftop solar PV systems convert solar radiation into electrical energy that may be consumed by South African residents, as shown in Figure 4 [20]. Any power that is not utilized is fed into the main grid. To conserve energy generated throughout the day, large-scale batteries can be coupled to solar PV systems. When the system is not producing enough power, particularly at night or in adverse weather conditions, this energy may be consumed. Using the power generated by a solar PV system throughout the day alleviates the amount of power purchased from the grid, lowering the energy costs.

**Figure 4.** Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System.

## *2.1. Selection and Deploying a Solar PV-Battery System*

A variety of factors will significantly affect which solar PV-battery system is ideal for a household, including:


Understanding the amount of energy consumption in a household may facilitate the evaluation of the impact of a solar PV system on the energy costs and establish whether battery storage is a cost-effective option. To realize the best options, licensed solar installers certified by South African PV GreenCard may further be consulted.

#### *2.2. Emplacement of the Solar PV-Battery System*

When solar PV panels are oriented directly toward effective solar irradiation between 09:00 a.m. and 15:00 p.m., they achieve the greatest power generation:

