**6. Conclusions**

The performance analysis of two MPPT Algorithms, namely the P&O and INC, against their enhanced versions, the Modified-Variable-Step Size P&O and Modified-Variable-Step Size INC (M-VSS-P&O and M-VSS-INC), is discussed within this simulation study. Within the context of this paper, the algorithms were implemented and simulated on two distinct PV modules, namely, the polycrystalline MSX60 and the ST40 thin coupled with a boost converter, to examine their performances under varying environmental statuses. All the simulations were carried out utilizing MATLAB-Simulink software. The tracker's efficiency was analyzed in light of the STCs, an abrupt change in solar irradiance with a stable temperature, an abrupt change in temperature with stable solar irradiance, under simultaneous ramp changes in both irradiance and temperature, and finally, under real solar radiation measurements. The simulation results generally prove that both modified MPPTs controllers enhance steady-state and dynamic PV system performances regarding efficiency, oscillations, and tracking speed MPP compared to the traditional MPPT techniques (P&O and INC). Generally, the same case studies presented in this work could be applied to other

algorithms as a measure of their effectiveness. Moreover, the hardware implementation of conventional and modified P&O was performed. A substantial improvement of the modified P&O algorithm over the conventional algorithm was experimentally observed in terms of lower oscillations around the MPP in addition to a faster tracking response.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/en16010549/s1, Figure S1: Solar Irradiance variation (at fixed *T* = 25 ◦C) impact on (a) *Voc* and *Isc* and (b) voltage and current at MPP. Figure S2: Temperature variation (at fixed *G* = 1000 W/m2) impact on (a) *Voc* and *Isc* and (b) voltage and current at MPP. Figure S3: Datasheet of the PV module used in the hardware implementation.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.M., A.S. (Ahmed Saeed), A.S. (Ahmed Shaker) and H.A.E.M.; methodology, D.K., S.M., A.S. (Ahmed Shaker) and M.A.; software, H.H.M., D.K., S.M. and A.S. (Ahmed Shaker); validation, D.K. and S.M.; formal analysis, D.K.; investigation, D.K., S.M. and H.H.M.; resources, A.S. (Ahmed Saeed), H.H.M., H.A.E.M. and M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, D.K. and A.S. (Ahmed Shaker); writing—review and editing, D.K., S.M., H.H.M., A.S. (Ahmed Saeed), A.S. (Ahmed Shaker), H.A.E.M. and M.A.; supervision, A.S. (Ahmed Saeed), A.S. (Ahmed Shaker), H.A.E.M. and M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


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