*7.1. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs)*

Prior to fully autonomous driving, the technology of advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) is briefly discussed. To improve road safety, monitoring, braking, and alerting functions can be helped by ADASs. ADASs are capable of monitoring or assisting with parking. Streetlights, traffic data, and other connected technology can increase the safety of roads for both drivers and pedestrians, in addition to ADAS. Governments may soon mandate the installation of necessary ADASs and their components in automobiles over the next few years as ADASs continue to strive for more advantages. It is important to emphasize that the ADASs covered here are not autonomous vehicles but rather technology that aids the driver while driving. The technology in today's driver assistance systems is gradually becoming more sophisticated. The majority of systems attempt to provide adaptive cruise control, driver fatigue detection, forward collision warnings, lane-departure warnings, and parking assistance [132]. There is plethora of commercially available advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that have the potential to improve driving comfort and safety. Owing to age-specific performance limits, older drivers could profit a lot from such in-vehicle technology, assuming that they are purchased and used. However, at the same time, as per the findings of various market research surveys, there is much greater knowledge of ADASs than there is usage of them. In a semi-structured interview study, 32 senior citizens were polled to examine the gap between awareness and desire to utilize ADAS. There are numerous research studies, such as [132], that look at senior people's knowledge, experiences, and obstacles to using ADASs.

Backward parking is intended to be both secure and comfortable via parking assistance systems. A collision while reversing is avoided thanks to a reference that tells the driver where the car is going. When a motorist gets too close to a vehicle in front of them, forward collision avoidance systems are intended to provide them an audio and visual warning [133]. To assess whether there is a risk of collision, these systems often evaluate the distance between the two vehicles and keep an eye on their own speed as well as the speed of the vehicle in front of them [134]. LiDAR, GPS, radar, and vision-based sensors can all be used for monitoring [135,136].

The usual causes of abnormal driving are intoxication, carelessness, and/or exhaustion [136–144]. Any of these factors usually cause a motorist to act differently or move their body in a certain way. The typical behaviors of a fatigued driver are rapid and continuous blinking, head nodding or swinging, and frequent yawning [145]. On the other hand, a drunk driver frequently gets into the habit of accelerating or decelerating suddenly and reacting slowly. In some ways, reckless driving is similar to drunk driving. The motorist may be conscious but under the influence of emotional elements, which would cause them to accelerate or decelerate suddenly and go over the speed limit [145]. Consequently, a driver monitoring system can be implemented by either directly or indirectly watching the driver. Direct driver monitoring systems use a variety of sensors to track the driver's bodily movements and heart rate. Analyzing pedal and steering movements as well as responses to specific events is a part of indirect driver monitoring [146,147]. A warning mechanism will be activated when such anomalous activity is discovered.
