*4.6. Frequency Support*

BESS volume can be employed in energy mode (short duration), as a source or load, to supply fast volume support that can capture frequency excursions [48]. Frequency must function under the rate of change in the frequency curve. The general formula for value realization is shown in Equation (4).

*Value* = *Investment in Traditional Spinning Reserves* − *Equivalent BESS li f ecycle cost* (4)

## *4.7. Voltage Support*

Equally, BESS volume can be employed in energy mode (short duration), as a generator or load, to supply fast voltage aid that can restrain frequency excursions. This can be batteryoperated volume energy or non-battery-reactive energy in static VAR compensator mode.

#### *4.8. Quality of Supply/Critical Power*

BESS can be employed to ride short-duration quality of provision phenomena for instance voltage dips and flicker.

#### *4.9. Capex Deferral*

BESS can be employed to increase volume and support the network at crucial periods of the day, thus evading what can be an expensive investment in infrastructure development. The general formula for value realization is shown in Equation (5).

*Value* = *investment in traditional in f rastructure* − *Equivalent BESS li f ecycle cost* (5)

#### *4.10. PV Smoothing*

PV smoothing refers to the practice of storing solar energy throughout the day for release at peak demand periods. With the help of this operation, services can maximize the amount of solar energy that the network will allow, allowing for both provision and storage. The non-violation of network inertia constraints is the main emphasis of everything here [49].
