*4.1. Regulation*

Regulation involves handling energy flow with other command areas to merge planned flow and instant fluctuations in demand. The primary motive for regulation is to preserve frequency and voltage inside industry-conventional standards [44]. In realistic conditions, this application is marked by the constant balance between the provision and need of electricity, concerning the frequency or load, and the regulation of operating (low) and responsive powers (high) [45]. Voltage regulation is a necessity in the electric energy system [45]. This application comprises the supervision of reactivity, generated by grid-connected apparatus that produces, sends, or employs electricity and frequently has or presents features for instance inductors and capacitors in an electric circuit [44]. Hence, these energy plants (reactive energy—VAR) might either be substituted by energy storage tactically located within the network at central positions or across the supplied method, embedding various VAR support storage networks closely to large loads [44].

Furthermore, the frequency response operation, which is like regulation, excludes the fact that it reacts to system requirements in an even shorter time, in the order of seconds to below one minute, when there is an unexpected loss of frequency response [45].
