*6.2. Shared Electric Autonomous Vehicles (SEAVs)*

Given that they may be less expensive, safer, and more effective alternatives to the ridesharing and car-sharing choices available now, shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) are generating a lot of attention [124]. In addition, SEAVs, the electric version, could economically compete with current modes of transportation and have less of an impact on the environment than traditional combustion engine cars. As a result, they are thought of as a promising element of smart mobility [124]. The use of SEAVs involves a number of difficulties. Estimating passenger demand and determining the desire to use and pay for this service will be essential from an economic perspective in order to develop workable business models [124]. The vehicle supply must correspond to travel demand from the perspective of mobility. SEAVSs may increase mobility, particularly for elderly and less mobile individuals [125–127]. In this aspect, the digital divide between people—where those who are less tech-savvy and resistant to embracing new technologies are people who are socially excluded—is concerning. Due to the electric nature of AEVs, fleet management must maintain passenger service while also considering the driving range and charging requirements. For SEAV fleet charging, it is important to consider the anticipated quantity, location, and power levels of the charging stations [123]. This is still an active area of research, because studies on SEAVs that take charging aspects into account [128,129] have only included a spatial distribution or rule-based introduction up to this point; they have not looked at other factors to determine whether a location is suitable or examined grid constraints or impacts.

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles also prompts energy-related worries about the availability of electricity and the electrical infrastructure. The widespread use of EVs, however, has been demonstrated to only slightly increase the demand for electricity and presents significant potential to balance the electricity grid through a variety of ancillary services with improved bidirectional charging (vehicle-to-grid) [130]. Additionally, as discussed in the previous chapter, EVs can help accelerate the deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) by balancing their intermittent nature. The SEAV fleets offer potential in this regard because of their high degree of controllability and coordination [131]. Due to their autonomous and electric natures, which enable optimized fleet behavior, studies at this time highlight the potential of SEAV fleets (environmental, economic, and servicerelated). However, it does provide a challenging fleet management issue that necessitates further research as well as the creation of crucial enabling technologies, including mobility and energy demand.

#### **7. Autonomous Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Concept**

This section gives a thorough overview of the enabling technologies used to make autonomous vehicles a reality, including advanced driver assistance systems and the idea of operating electric vehicles (EVs) on their own. It then offers suggestions for resolving identified problems and identifies any gaps in the existing literature.
