*7.2. Constraints of Autonomous Driving*

Even though there has been a lot of research conducted in the field of autonomous vehicles, several topics have not been covered. First off, a sudden obstruction during the autonomous vehicle's parking trajectory has not yet been mentioned in the literature. A toddler might sprint into the parking lot to grab something, or an adult might inadvertently

enter that space. For the benefit of the driver, a rear camera is placed, and a sensor that detects impediments in the rear is also installed. However, it is possible that the driver will not glance in that direction or that the sensors will not raise an alarm. When completing the parking trajectory, an autonomous vehicle should stop appropriately if such a sudden impediment appears. For instance, if the autonomous vehicle detects a balloon as a barrier, it should continue with parking rather than halting.

Systems geared toward obstacle avoidance are discussed in the most recent research [148,149]. A further factor was offered by Funke et al. [149] that takes into account unforeseen barriers such as a deer crossing the road. None of the studies, however, have addressed how autonomous vehicles ought to respond when something falls off a vehicle. In the case of a large truck delivering a mass of iron rods for construction, if the rods were to fall off and penetrate the window of the truck, it may result in deadly injuries. Although giving way to an emergency vehicle has not been mentioned in the literature, emergency vehicles do have priority in junctions [150]. Future self-driving electric vehicles must rely on both their own internal sensors and the sensors of other cars. V2V will be used to exchange measurement data in order to improve environmental awareness. Utilizing low-cost GNSS receivers [151,152], radar-camera-based traffic monitoring devices [151], microscale traffic information, and other networks [153–156], it is possible to integrate ADASs and smart lighting infrastructures.

It is an admitted fact that a driverless car has so many perks, but at the same time it can cause several issues for our society. One important issue is being responsible for an accident; either the manufacturer should be accountable for this or an insurance company [157,158]. In [158], it has been claimed that treating autonomous vehicles and human drivers equally would guarantee that autonomous vehicles would only be held responsible for negligencerelated conduct. Giving a car the same rights as a human may be easier to speak than to actually do. Tort laws should apply to cars in the same manner they do to dogs [159]. The dog law and this would be comparable. Because the authors did not address how the rule might be applied to autonomous vehicles, this indicates that there is still much work to be conducted before they can be put into practice. In [160], it was argued that manufacturers should be in charge of their design and emphasized that products should go through rigorous testing before actually being distributed because the installation of such a system should not compromise road safety. It is clear that improvements must be made to the law [160–163] controlling autonomous vehicles before they can be accepted by both the general public and manufacturers.
