**4. Experimental Results**

The proposed MLI was built in the lab and tested for PV–grid connections as well as for APF applications. The hardware setup of the proposed MLI is seen in Figure 16. The PV module parameters are seen in Table 2. The closed-loop control scheme explained in Section 3 was used to perform the closed-loop control of the proposed system. The PWM pulses that were generated were transferred to the IGBTs through the use of a DS1202 board. Two cases were performed, PV-grid connections and APF applications, as seen in the simulation section. The same two cases were experimentally implemented.

**Figure 16.** Hardware setup of the proposed MLI. A: IGBT drives, B: level shifter, C: voltage/current sensors, D: IGBTs and DC-link capacitors, E: CUK converters, F: dSPACE 1102, G: open-end winding transformers, and H: PV modules.
