*Article* **Current Status and Challenges for Forest Commons (***Iriai* **Forest) Management in Japan: A Focus on Forest Producers' Cooperatives and Authorized Neighborhood Associations**

**Masahiko Ota**

Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1–14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; masahikoota@nagasaki-u.ac.jp

**Abstract:** *Iriai* forests are an example of communal forest management in Japan. Local institutions have never been static in governing *iriai* forests and the external environments of *iriai* forests have changed significantly over time. This study examines the management challenges of forest producers' cooperatives (FPCs) and authorized neighborhood associations (ANAs) as the two most important contemporary forms of *iriai* forest management. Data from nine FPCs and three ANAs in the Fukuoka and Saga prefectures of Kyushu Island are used. Surveyed topics included basic information about FPCs and ANAs, recent management activities, financial conditions, and member perceptions of forest management. Some FPCs suffered from disadvantageous forestry circumstances, including low timber prices, decreased number of members, and tax burdens; at the same time, some FPCs greatly profited from non-forestry income or assets, e.g., by leasing or selling forestland. In most cases, basic forest management operations had been conducted by both FPCs and ANAs, and members had maintained attachment to and responsibility for *iriai* forests and a sense of public contribution. Policy recommendations include making legal settings and administrative supports more compatible with contemporary realities, providing greater financial support for management activities, and pursuing multi-level governance to open the commons to wider society.

**Keywords:** *seisan shinrin kumiai*; *ninka chien dantai*; common property resource; developed countries; external policy influence; forest management activities
