*4.1. Plant Materials*

Grapevines (*Vitis* sp. cv. Koshu, *V. vinifera* cvs. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon) were cultivated in the experimental vineyard of The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan (latitude 35.680528, longitude 138.569268, elevation 250 m). The grapevines were trained in double cordon style and were approximately 30 years old.
