*2.2. Plant Material and Extract Preparation*

The *G*. *littoralis* used in the experiment was grown and harvested from a field in Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do (Slonaemall, Gangneung, Republic of Korea) at 37◦45 06 N latitude and 128◦52 38 E longitude, in October 2020. The leaves, roots, fruits, and stems of the *G. littoralis* were washed with purified water and separated. The collected samples were dried at room temperature for 72 h. Approximately 2 g of the finely ground samples and placed in a conical flask containing 40 mL of 80% (*v/v*) ethanol. The mixture was filtered through filter paper to remove debris, and the solvents were evaporated at 41 ◦C in a rotary vacuum evaporator (Eyela, SB-1300, Shanghai Eyela Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and then lyophilized using a freeze dryer (PVTFD 300R) (IlShinBioBase, Yangju, Republic of Korea). The collected extracts were mixed with 80% methanol and stored in a refrigerator at 4 ◦C until further analysis.
