*3.4. Environment and HCIAs*

The MIPs show poor knowledge with a pooled effect size of 0.18 (0.08, 0.28). Considerable heterogeneity is present among the studies, with I2 of 85.39% and *<sup>p</sup>* ≤ 0.001 (Figure 2).

**Figure 2.** MIPs' knowledge of "The environment (air, water, inert surfaces) is the major source of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infection". (Marie et al., 2008 [32], Abdelrahman et al., 2017 [25], Duminda et al., 2014 [29]).

#### *3.5. Gloves Recommendation during the Procedure*

The MIPs reported poor knowledge with a pooled effect size of 0.41 (0.17, 0.65). Considerable heterogeneity is present among the studies included, with I2 of 96.25% and *p* ≤ 0.001 (Figure 3).
