*3.1. Return to Work Program as Case Management for Disabled Workers*

In accordance with the foregoing concept, this study investigated the aspect of RTW implementation in Indonesia. The research was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic and we compared the outcomes of the RTW program for employees with impairments and non-RTW participants. The study compared two groups of people: those who participated in the RTW program during COVID-19 and those who did not participate. The research was designed to shed light on the implementation of the RTW program and its outcomes for employees who were impaired due to occupational injuries or occupational diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research began with an assessment of the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects. The following factors were considered as variables: age, gender, marital status, occupation, level of education, work period, and place of living. In Table 1, we see how the quality of life and work ability index scores of disabled workers are distributed on a general level.


**Table 1.** Statistic result comparison of RTW and non-RTW participants.

\* *p* < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two groups (RTW and Non-RTW) at a level of 95% confidence. \* *p* < 0.01 indicates a highly significant difference between the two groups at a level of 99% confidence.

The data in Table 1 are presented in a numerical format (N%) for the nominal and ordinal data and as the mean and standard deviation for the continuous data.

Table 1 shows the results of a study comparing various demographic and healthrelated variables between two groups: RTW (Return to Work) and Non-RTW (non-Return to Work). The Mann–Whitney test, t-test, and Chi-squared test were used to assess the significance of differences between the two groups for each variable, and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each variable. The OR (odds ratio) estimate in the multivariate logistic regression captures the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. It measures the odds of an event occurring (i.e., having a certain quality of life or work ability index) given a set of independent variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, job

description, level of education, work period, location of residence). The CI for OR estimates the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the OR estimate represents the range in which the true value of the OR is likely to fall with 95% certainty. It provides information on the precision of the OR estimate.

The results of the Mann–Whitney test, t-test, and Chi-squared test indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the RTW and Non-RTW groups in terms of age (*p*-value = 0.430), work period (*p*-value = 0.000 \*), quality of life (*p*-value = 0.000 \*), and work ability index (*p*-value = 0.000 \*). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of RTW were 3.726 times higher in the older age group (95% CI: 0.847–15.726) and the odds of RTW were 0.430 times higher for those with a longer work period (95% CI: 0.039–0.737).

The results of the study suggest that age and work period may be important predictors of RTW in injured workers. Additionally, the significant difference in the quality of life between the RTW and non-RTW groups highlights the importance of addressing mental and physical well-being in rehabilitation programs for injured workers.
