*4.3. Scale Validation*

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), also known as the measurement model, was used as an analytical strategy for the validation of the scale. CFA was conducted using AMOS 17. SM 18, and SP 7 was removed at this stage as it was not successfully loaded into its latent construct. The results of CFA provided acceptable model-fit indices and are presented in Table 1.


**Table 1.** Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

β: standardized coefficient; alpha: Cronbath's alpha; CR: composite reliability; AVE: average variance extracted.
