*1.4. Use of Nanotechnology in Textiles*

Nanotechnology is frequently used in textile products to provide specific functionalities, such as incorporating nanoparticles into textile materials. The common effects include antibacterial effects (using, for instance, nanosilver), ultraviolet protection (using nano-titanium oxide), and self-cleaning through the nanostructuring of the surface. The durability of nanoparticles in textiles depends not only on their attachment to the fabric but also on the impact of the fabric's lifecycle, which can cause damage to the textile material

or the bond between the nanoparticle and fibers due to abrasion, mechanical stress, UV radiation, body fluids, water, detergents, and temperature changes [11–13].

Nanoparticles can interact with the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, with skin contact being the most relevant pathway for textiles. As part of the European Commission's mandate, CEN/TC248 (Textile and Textile Products) has developed a specific test method for skin exposure to nanomaterials. The technical report CEN/TR 17222:2019 titled "Textile products and nanotechnologies—Guidance on tests to simulate nanoparticle release—Skin exposure" has been published [14]. This method is based on existing textile standard test methods, which include the extraction of nanomaterials using artificial perspiration solutions under physical stress (a method adapted by Goetz et al. [15]) and measuring the release to the air from the textile due to mechanical action [11,12].
