*4.4. Invasive Procedures and HCIAs*

Interventional radiology is considered a high-risk area for imparting HCAIs [36,44]. The radiation protective equipment used during the intervention procedure has also been observed to be more prone to HCAIs [45]. The reduction in infection in interventional radiology requires the identification of the risk, the appropriate use of antibiotic prophylaxis, and appropriate patient care [46]. In the present review, the medical imaging professional shows good knowledge about invasive procedures that increase the risk of HCIAs, with a pooled effect size of 0.76 (0.44, 1.07).

Overall, the discrepancy in the result is present among the studies included in the current review. The MIPs have poor knowledge of the spread of HCIAs infection and the gloves recommendation. However, MIPs reported good knowledge of precaution standards to protect the patients and healthcare workers.
