*3.2. Search Results Analysis in Scopus*

The analysis performed online on the Scopus website was based on 1094 documents indexed in Scopus scientific database, which are Q1 results (Table 1). The first publication among these results and related to the GJs was an article by Ronald J. Burke, titled *Are Herzberg's motivators and hygienes unidimensional?* published in the 1966 Journal of Applied Psychology [65]. This publication used the term "environmental job" and research revolved around job satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a such-named green job [65]. Therefore, the time frame of the Scopus exploration starts in 1966.

Figure 6 presents the rapid growth in the amount of indexed publications dedicated to GJs or their variant names (as indicated in Q1 syntax) that occurred in 2008 (with 26 publications). Since then, the linear trend is growing, and 2022 was the year in which the highest number of publications (119 documents in Scopus) dedicated to GJs were published.

The analysis of the Q1 result allowed for identification of the main quantitatively contributing authors in the field of GJs by a number of authored documents collected in Scopus. In Figure 7 are presented selected authors with six and more publications indexed in Scopus. There is a similar analysis result for the other queries [66].

**Figure 7.** Documents by authors. Analysis of the results of Q1 in Scopus. Source: Authors elaboration.

The authors who contributed most to the subject of GJs (Figure 7) are not the mostcited authors. Those are presented in Table 5, where the most cited publications (over 400 citations in Scopus) among results of Q1 are also listed.

The Publications presented in Table 5 revolve around different name variants for GJs. The first publication titled *Comparing structural and index decomposition analysis* uses the term environmental employment [67]. The second publication is related to sustainable jobs and explores smart manufacturing subjects [68]. The only book among the most cited publications is dedicated to the GJs concept and labor market issues. In his book, Ross surveys "the new topography of the global workplace and finds an emerging pattern of labor instability and uneven development on a massive scale" [69]. The fourth of the

most cited publications indexed in Scopus does not refer to any of explored GJs variants proposed in queries employed in this article. The article published in the Energy Policy journal presents an analytical job creation model for the USA power sector from 2009 to 2030 [46]. Therefore, all works gathered in Table 5 combine non-fossil fuels technologies, resource-efficient economy, and technologies of carbon capture and storage with positive changes in the labor market expressed by GJs creation [37,70]. The different qualitative approaches lead to new implications in the number of created jobs related to green and sustainable economic transformation.


**Table 5.** Top Four most cited publications dedicated to the subject of GJs.

Source: Authors' elaboration.

#### **4. Discussion**

Based on the analyses carried out, it is important to note the lack of uniform naming of GJs, which is overlooked by some of the researchers of this problem. As a result, the resulting analyses are not fully comprehensive; however, they present the most popular keywords associated with the GJs. The existing used terms of GJs, which are presented in the third part, indicate the evolution of this concept and the slowly establishing pattern in the literature of the name GJs, which is the most frequently cited name of the explored phenomenon. Nevertheless, there are still many researchers who use quotation marks to refer to this type of job or a completely different name in the form of various equivalents of the names: green employment [71,72], green collar [73,74], environmental job [75], or sustainability job [76]. The results show that the use of terms equivalent to green jobs depends on the context of their use. Green collars appear in engineering articles on renewable energy technologies. Sustainability jobs, on the other hand, appear in articles related to strategy formulation. Authors of publications seeking scientific novelty create new names for already defined terms, which is why constructs such as "ecojobs" appear [77].

Emerging new concepts make it difficult to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of green jobs and expand the context for searching databases. Therefore, the analysis undertaken focuses on commonly occurring synonyms for green jobs. The analysis undertaken is devoid of the mantle of linguistic research or somatic analysis of words as undertaken by the authors of the publications under investigation. At the same time, it may be an interesting new direction for future research, which may show the different perceptions of researchers regarding green jobs. Such different nomenclature forces researchers on the subject of GJs to analyze the content of individual articles quite meticulously at the stage of selection for analysis, which is carried out using programs such as VOSviewer. Researchers should especially pay attention to "green collar", a name that also appears concerning issues related to military areas (with the absence here of any reference to sustainability issues). This forces researchers to perform an in-depth qualitative analysis of the surveyed publications when qualifying them for analysis using VOSviewer. Only after such a qualitative analysis that leads to the exclusion of articles not related to the topic of sustainability the procedure presented in Figure 1 can be applied.

The year 2008 was linked to the global economic crisis [78]. The study observed a multidimensionality of social economic and environmental problems, which were closely interlinked. In this context, solutions were sought to find a way out of the crisis. It was noted that the current paradigm of economic development, which is mainly based on non-renewable resources, is unreliable and does not provide opportunities for future generations [77,79]. The researchers, therefore, drew attention to the need to implement sustainable development and related green jobs into economic practice [80,81]. This explains the growing interest in green jobs, not only from a scientific but also from a practical point of view [82].

A limitation of this study is the lack of a detailed dynamic analysis performed in VOSviewer which addresses the strength of the connections between individual keywords. Such a dynamic analysis is only possible when using the VOSviewer program and its graphical representation is impossible, due to a large number of identified connections (graph edges). However, the lack of such an analysis does not affect the quality of the presented research results and conclusions.

It should be recognized that GJs are a key element of the green economy. They bind numerous areas of the economy together with their issues. Based on the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that when discussing the issue of GJs, an important emphasis is placed on the "education" keyword, which is located close to "employment" in a green cluster in Figure 2. To the "education" keyword there are other related terms such as knowledge, skills, attitudes [83,84], and pro-environmental behavior of employees researched deeply in Green Humans Resources [29,85]. These are the elements of complex business activities that indicate whether or not an employee employed at a given green job will contribute to minimizing the negative impact of a given economic entity on the environment [84]. This area was indicated also automatically by the bibliometric software as the first and most numerous cluster in both analyses of Queries 4 and 5.
