*2.2. Pesticide Treatment*

The orange samples used in the scope of this study were immersed in to the solutions of the commercial formulations at the laboratory [17–19]. Therefore, a homogeneous distribution was provided between and within each unit of laboratory samples and a detectable amount of residue was obtained [2].

Commercial formulations of abamectin, buprofezin, etoxazole, imazalil, and thiophanatemethyl were purchased from a local seller. The physicochemical properties of the active ingredients were provided in Figure 1. The commercial formulations of the pesticides were Asmition (18 g/L, emulsified concentrate), Korfezin (400 g/L, suspension concentrate), Sorides (500 g/L, emulsified concentrate), Emtop (60%, wetted powder), and Novamite

(110 g/L, suspension concentrate), respectively. Their recommended dose for 100 mL during good agricultural practices were 25 mL, 35–65 mL, 25 mL, 400 mL, and 60 g, respectively. To obtain pesticide residue levels in the raw agricultural commodity (RAC) higher than the limit of quantification of the method, it is permissible to apply more formulations than the recommended dose [15]. Therefore, approximately one to four times the recommended dose of the formulations (indicated on the prospectus) were taken and diluted in 10 L of water in a plastic containers (15–20 L) providing a homogenous distribution of the mixture. To treat all orange samples at the same time for 30 min, a proper number of the plastic containers with 10 L of mixture solutions were prepared. Subsequently, all samples were sun dried for 3–4 h. Three laboratory samples were allocated from the dried samples as "RAC" samples. From the remaining samples, three laboratory samples were separated for each of the processes as explained below. Dried samples were stored at +4 ◦C for 1 day until further analysis [2].

**Figure 1.** Physicochemical structure and mode of action for the active ingredient (pesticide). MRL represents maximum residue level (EC 2005).
