*2.2. Instruments and Equipment*

Experiments utilized a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer (LC-30AD 220V liquid chromatograph, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with an ESI5500 tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer and a Turbo Ionspray electrospray interface, as well as an Analyst 1.6.3 software workstation (Applied Biosystems, ABI, Corporation, MA, USA).

The chromatographic column employed was a Symmetry C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) from Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA. A rotary evaporator (N-1300V-W, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), a high-speed desktop centrifuge (LEGEND MACH 1.6R, Thermo Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA), and a vortex mixer (Vortex 3000, WIGGENS Co., Ltd., Straubenhardt, Germany) were also utilized. Nylon syringe filters, 13 mm, 0.22 μm, disposable, were sourced from Shanghai Ampu Company, Shanghai, China.
