*2.5. Processing Factor*

The processing factor (*P*F) can be calculated by Equation (1) [5,15]. A factor less than 1 or higher than 1 is an indication of a decrease or concentration, respectively.

$$P\_{\text{F}} = \frac{B}{RAC} \tag{1}$$

where *B* refers to the residue level in the processed orange samples (W, P, PU, FJ, HJ, and GP). When the amount of pesticide residue in the processed product (*B*) was lower than the limit of quantification of the method (LOQ), the processing factor was determined by replacing *B* with the LOQ level in the Equation (1). Consequently, the processing factor was expressed with an asterisk "<" [5,7,21].

The effect of processing on pesticide residue concentration was evaluated by the calculation of the reduction ratio or concentration ratio (*C*R) as given in Equation (2) [22];

$$C\_{\rm R} \left( \% \right) = \frac{RAC - B}{RAC} \times 100 \tag{2}$$
