*2.1. Sampling*

A total of 18 samples, including MOR and AOF, were collected from herbal markets in Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The samples were divided into two groups, according to the species (i.e., MOR and AOF), and four groups based on the presence or absence of macroscopic molds (i.e., MM and MA are the moldy MOR and AOF samples, respectively; NM and NA are the non-moldy MOR and AOF samples, respectively). The details of all samples are shown in Table 1.


**Table 1.** Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers of the samples.
