*2.8. Malondialdehyde (MDA)*

The MDA content of the cowpeas was assayed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances methods. Approximately 2 g of cowpea tissue sample was extracted with a trichloroacetic acid solution. Then, the absorbance was measured at 450, 530 and 600 nm [14].

### *2.9. Statistical Analysis*

All experiments were conducted in sextuplicate. All data are expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD). Origin 7.0 statistical analysis software was used for data collation and analysis. Significant difference analysis was performed using the paired sample *t*-test.
