*3.2. Regression Analyses*

Higher inequality was significantly associated with lower zero-dose prevalence and higher DTP3 coverage in unadjusted and adjusted fractional logistic regression analyses (Table 3). In subnational regions with higher gender inequality, zero-dose prevalence odds were 1.7 times higher (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.38–2.19) compared to subnational regions with lower inequality. Consistently, the odds of DTP3 coverage were 39% lower (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.51–0.75) in regions with higher gender inequality relative to regions with lower inequality.


**Table 3.** Odds ratios for zero-dose DTP prevalence and DTP3 immunization coverage by SGDI category (702 subnational regions across 57 countries, 2010–2019).

\*\*\* *p* < 0.001.

We also estimated the average marginal effects of SGDI to indicate the average percentage point change in the outcome variable (zero-dose DTP or DTP3 coverage) by higher versus lower gender inequality (See Figure 4). A subnational region with higher inequality (favoring men) is expected to have 5.8 percentage points higher prevalence of zero-dose DTP relative to a region with lower inequality, increasing from 10.6% (95% CI 9.5–11.7%) for regions with lower inequality to 16.4% (95% CI 14.5–18.4%) for regions with higher inequality. A subnational region with higher gender inequality is expected to have 8.2 percentage points lower coverage of DTP3 immunization than a region with lower gender inequality, dropping from 79.2% (95% CI 77.7–80.7%) for regions with lower inequality to 71.0% (95% CI 68.3–73.7%) for regions with higher inequality.

**Figure 4.** Adjusted \* expected proportions of zero-dose DTP and DTP3 immunization coverage by SGDI category, 702 subnational regions across 57 countries, 2010–2019. Estimated proportions are adjusted for annual population growth and age structure (measured as the percentage of the population under 15 years of age), percentage of urban population, and the three individual dimensional indices of the SHDI (health index, education index, and income index).
