**2. Methods**

An observational analysis based on the first wave of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), 2017–2019, was conducted. The LASI is a community-based study proposed to be conducted every two years among the aging population aged ≥60 years and above and their spouses, irrespective of age. The LASI is a multi-partner undertaking by the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), and the University of Southern California. The LASI utilizes a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design to achieve the ultimate sampling unit. A response rate of 87.3% was registered by the first wave of the study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 31,464 participants aged ≥60 years which formed the ultimate sample for our study. The detailed methods related to the LASI survey can be found on their website [6].
