*2.2. Data Sources*

All subnational estimates of outcomes, gender inequality, human development, and demographic characteristics came from the Global Data Lab [22]. Though the Global Data Lab produces SHDI estimates for subnational regions in 161 countries for all years from 1990–2019, we utilized only those country years in which a DHS survey was conducted, as subnational vaccination coverage was only available for these years. As a result, all data in this study is derived from DHS survey-weighted estimates and do not rely on interpolation. Full details on data sources for the indicators compiled, calculated, and distributed by Global Data Lab have been published elsewhere [20]. Estimates of national average annual rate of population change came from the World Development Indicators [23].

Table 1 presents a summary of indicators.

**Table 1.** Measures.


\* All indicators at the subnational level with the exception of annual rate of population change, which is assessed at the national level due to data availability.
