*2.3. Participants*

The study's target population was children born from January 2015 to December 2017, living in settled communities or traditional communities of quilombola descendants in the state of Goiás. Children reported by the head of the household as not living in the home were excluded from the study.

#### *2.4. Sampling*

Sampling for the SanRural Project was carried out in multiple stages. Initially, municipalities with one or more certified and recognized quilombola community in the state of Goiás were included, and information was checked in the official sources of accreditation [14]. Therefore, of the municipalities in Goiás (*n* = 246), 45 (18.3%) met this criterion and were included in the study. In addition, in these 45 municipalities, all communities

of recognized settlements were included [15]. Thus, this study included all quilombola communities and settlements in the selected municipalities, representing 44 quilombola communities and 62 settlements, totaling 106 communities. Municipalities and communities were selected based on community certification criteria.

Next, the SanRural Project encompassed the following sampling units: (i) families and (ii) individuals. Families were selected by systematic random sampling. In each community, the first individual was selected by simple random sampling, and for every two households (k = 2), one family was interviewed until reaching the sample size. The sample calculation parameters for the SanRural Project study were considered, so the estimates of proportions of the leading indicators were obtained with 95% Confidence Intervals, a maximum margin of error per community of 10%, and a margin of error for the totality of communities of the same type of 2%. After selecting the family, vaccination card information was collected from all individuals in the household, including the children. Thus, all eligible children from the selected family were included in the study. Since the family was selected by systematic random sampling, we considered this sampling unit as the primary sampling unit (PSU) and the individuals as the secondary sampling unit (SSU).

In this study, we used data only from children born from January 2015 to December 2017. Information from children in 36 municipalities (80% of the SanRural Project municipalities), 44 settled communities (71% of the total SanRural Project settlements), and 37 quilombola communities (84.1% of the total quilombola communities in the San-Rural Project) were included. Thus, data from 81 communities were analyzed, including information from 227 children (94 from settlements and 133 from quilombola communities).

Figure 1 shows the distribution map of communities and municipalities according to the mesoregions of the state of Goiás.

**Figure 1.** Distribution of communities and municipalities according to the mesoregions of the state of Goiás. Note: Map made using ArcGIS, version 3.24.3.

A field team collected data from February 2018 to September 2019, conducting interviews on portable computers. The person responsible for the family, aged over 18, was asked to answer the research questions in each residence.

The electronic instrument for data collection contained questions about the family's socioeconomic status, housing conditions, and the health characteristics of household residents. In addition, at the time of the interviews, the vaccination cards of all household residents were photographed.

The study included a total of 227 children distributed across settler communities (*n* = 94) and quilombola communities (*n* = 133). For children who did not present their vaccination cards during the interview (*n* = 80), vaccination data were obtained from the Information System of the National Immunization Program (SI-PNI) in Brazil. Of the investigated children (*n* = 227), 23 had no vaccination records and were considered unvaccinated [16].
