*3.1. Descriptive Analyses*

In the most-recent-year sample, where each observation is one region, the mean value of SGDI was 0.90, ranging from a low of 0.51 to a high of 1.09. This mean value below 1 indicates that, overall, human development was lower among women than men in the analyzed subnational regions. Distributions of the SGDI for the pooled 10-year (Figure 1a) and most-recent-year (Figure 1b) samples are shown in Figure 1.

(**a**) Pooled 10-year sample (**b**) Most recent year of data sample

**Figure 1.** Distribution of Subnational Gender Development Index score.

In unadjusted comparisons, higher gender inequality was associated with higher prevalence of zero-dose DTP and lower DTP3 immunization coverage (Table 2, Figures 2 and 3). Examining the most recent year of available data sample, subnational regions with higher gender inequality (favoring men) as measured by the SGDI had 13.4 percentage points greater zero-dose prevalence (18.2% vs. 4.8%), and 21.6 percentage points lower DTP3 immunization coverage (86.0% vs. 64.4%) than regions with lower inequality.


**Table 2.** Prevalence of zero-dose DTP and DTP3 immunization coverage by SGDI category, most recent year of available data.

**Figure 2.** Prevalence of zero-dose DTP and DTP3 immunization coverage by continuous SGDI score, most recent year of available data.

**Figure 3.** Prevalence of zero-dose DTP and DTP3 immunization coverage by SGDI category, most recent year of available data. Note that boxes show 25–75th percentile values, with 50th percentile (median) line inside box. Single dots are outlier values.
