*3.1. Proposed System's Design Configuration*

In Figure 1, the alignment of the suggested system configuration has been presented. The most essential parts of the system configuration are the SPV array, DC-DC converter, battery bank, and brushless DC. This system is built to function satisfactorily regardless of changes in the amount of solar irradiation.

#### *3.2. Arrangement of Solar PV Array*

The number of PV modules connected in parallel and series in a solar array is used to estimate the current, voltage, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. The comparable circuit of PV cells is illustrated in Figure 2. The parallel diode, current source, and series resistors are the components required. To create photovoltaic modules, the PV cells are built simultaneously. The required power is based on a combination of parallel and series supply. U\* a and U\* p represent the number of parallel and series photovoltaic cells, respectively. The voltage and current output relationship can be expressed as

$$I\_{PV}^{\prime} = N\_P^{\prime} I\_G^{\prime} - N\_P^{\prime} I\_S^{\prime} \left( \exp\left[\frac{q^\*}{AKT\_{\mathbb{C}}} \left(\frac{V\_{PV}^{\prime}}{N\_S^{\prime}} + \frac{R\_S I\_{PV}^{\prime}}{N\_P^{\prime}}\right) \right] - 1\right) \tag{1}$$

**Figure 2.** PV cell equivalent circuit.

Photocurrent *I <sup>G</sup>* is produced by solar irradiation, as shown below:

$$I\_G' = I\_{sc}' + k\_1 \left(T\_C - T\_{ref}\right) \frac{S}{1000} \tag{2}$$

*I <sup>S</sup>* is explicit as the PV cell saturation current and temperature variation based on the following relationship:

$$I\_S' = I\_{rs}' \left[ \frac{T\_\odot}{T\_{ref}} \right]^3 \exp[\frac{q' E\_G}{A K} \left( \frac{1}{T\_{ref}} - \frac{1}{T\_\odot} \right)] \tag{3}$$

#### *3.3. PV Characteristics*

The PV array's nonlinear characteristics are dependent on temperature and irradiance. Variation in temperature and irradiation causes a change in them. The V-I and P-V characteristics at different irradiation and constant temperature (1000 W/m2, 800 W/m2, 500 W/m2, 350 W/m2) are depicted in Figure 3, as well as the V-I and P-V characteristics at changing temperature and constant irradiation are depicted in Figure 4.

**Figure 3.** (**a**) P-V curve, during constant temperature (**b**), V-I curve, during constant temperature.

**Figure 4.** (**a**) Continuous irradiation of the P-V curve, (**b**) continuous irradiation of the V-I curve.
