**2. Literature Review**

Himabindu et al. [16] presented the partially solar-powered EV. The EV's energy efficiency is greater than that of fuel-powered vehicles without taking electricity generation, transmission, and efficiency into account. Moreover, for a limited solar-powered EV, the unique prototype of a lightweight EV was elaborated on in this paper. The development of the unique energy-efficient prototype of EV and the possibility of a limited solar-based EV was discussed. Lakshmiprabha et al. [17] presented the BLDC motor with a PV-based electric vehicle approach. The approach for developing the BLDC driven with PV-powered EV, which was a potential solution for the lake of impending, was explained in this work. The approaches to finding the right parts of this application were explored, and both of them were tested and simulated in a real-world application. The integrated system of the PV-powered EV features the BLDC motor, batteries, battery charger controller, solar module, and a DC-DC boost converter. Ahmad et al. [18] demonstrated that the nature of the autoindustry was changing as a result of worries about oil supply, foreign relations, and fuel prices. There were numerous hybrid technologies available at the time, due to the availability of hydrogen. Among the oldest vehicles using alternative fuel, the vehicle integrated with solar power has several applications in the expanding EV market. The development of the solar-powered telemetry system for high-speed cars helps in improving the understanding of the vehicle's power aspects and the operation implemented in EVs. This work inspected the position and history of electric vehicles and solar energy, in addition to a standard solar vehicle.

García et al. [19] conferred on e-rickshaws driven by a BLDC motor a fuzzy logic controller (FLC)-based technique to develop ideal power management for regenerative braking. The FLC was adapted to control the separate power management for the battery and for the supercapacitor, to supply the output of the e-rickshaw driven by BLDC. Erickshaw enhanced operating time by the solar-powered approach to boost the operation, and using simulated testing rickshaws was verified, which exposed the examination of the BLDC's performance under several operating conditions. If the need for power increases suddenly in a temporary situation, the supercapacitor manages the complete need for power. The power ratio is divided to enable the battery to be deeply discharged, increasing battery life. Ho et al. [20] explained the integration of electric power systems for the EV. The objective of this work was to introduce the theoretical arrangement to successfully integrate EVs into electric interconnected networks. The advanced structure was split into power market environments and the grid technical operations. Participants in both processes, as well as their actions, were all considered and fully explained. Moreover, various simulations, with the dynamic and analysis of steady-state behavior, were explained to make clear the impacts and benefits originating from the EVs and integration of the grid using the cited methodology. Oubelaid et al. [21] demonstrated the controlling techniques for hybrid electric vehicles. Global optimization techniques and dynamic programming were mainly employed to evaluate the powertrain configuration's prospective fuel efficiency. These control procedures cannot be applied directly until advanced driving conditions could be likely at the time of real-world application; even so, the results obtained with this noncausal method delivered the criteria for analyzing the best possible control technique that is attainable.

Lan et al. [22] conferred the creation of the Japanese government's EV policy. The scope of this work was to inspect the policy for the creation of alternative vehicles to traditional vehicles, the outcomes of government actions, and the requirement of a technological adaptability program supported by the government. The effects of this scheme on the methods of innovation were explored through the use of this viewpoint and technological literature improvement. The complete network with the assistance was investigated, further to the context in which this different policy has been used since the early 1970s. Saha et al. [23] demonstrated for EVs with BLDC Motors that are electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid an effective regenerative braking system using battery/ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor used a suitable inverter switching template for energy regeneration and/or regenerative braking to store the vehicle's kinetic energy. Due to this, no extra power electronics interfaces were needed. Simultaneously, the EV's front and back wheels received braking force from the artificial neural network controller, which is responsible for distributing it. To attain steady torque braking, additionally, the PI controller was used to vary the PWM operating cycle. Li et al. [24] explained that the BLDC motors are controlled by a hybrid sliding-mode system without a position sensor (HSMC). This research gave effective and reliable control techniques for the position-sensorless EV using the BLDC motor. To adopt the BLDC motor sensorless control of the BLDC motor, the back EMF finding technique was initially implemented and enhanced. The corresponding circuits of regulating systems were presented,

as well as the creation of energy regeneration and standard driving mathematical models. A technique for the EV HSMC approach was implemented to promise by integrating both the system effectiveness and using the high-order sliding-mode approach; the nonsingle terminal sliding mode has sustained stability.

Gupte et al. [25] have conferred on transmission a selectively aligned surface (PM-BLDC) for the HEV motor. A programmable and adjustable generated voltage constant in an axial-flux PMBLDCM was used to achieve the field weakening. This quality was exclusively suitable in motors for driving vehicles with vast ratios of constant-power speeds, where it was imperative to get rid of gear shifts and shrink the overall motor drive's size. The advantages of this method's high pole count were discussed, and the simulation's impact on the kilovolt-ampere motor drive, acceleration, maximum speed, and efficiency was described over regular driving cycles. The e-vehicles with BLDC motors used in this system are energized using solar PV. The MPA technique is derived concerning enhancing the system's total efficiency. For efficient MPP tracking from a PV array, scientists took help of the MPA technique.
