**7. BLDC Motor Outputs**

The BLDC motor output is illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. Here, Figure 14 shows the speed and the BLDC motor comparison. At first, 3000 rpm is set as a reference speed for one second. Figure 14a illustrates the BLDC motor speed, which is set to a constant speed of 3000 rpm, and Figure 14b demonstrates the speed and reference speed comparison. Figure 15 shows the stator current and torque of the BLDC motor. Here, a stator current of 3 φ is used to demonstrate how the BLDC motor's torque is reached at 1.2 Nm. Figure 15a at the beginning increases at 100 Nm, and at 0.02 s it decreases to 1.2 Nm. Figure 16 illustrates the Hall signal and back EMF of the BLDC motor.

**Figure 14.** (**a**) Speed of the BLDC motor (**b**) comparison of motor speed and reference speed.

**Figure 15.** (**a**) BLDC motor torque at constant speed (**b**) BLDC motor stator current at constant speed.

**Figure 16.** (**a**) BLDC motor back EMF at constant speed (**b**) BLDC motor Hall signal at constant speed.

Mode 2: Constant motor speed and varying irradiation

The MATLAB Simulink software is used to simulate the suggested work for 0–0.5 s in 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> irradiation, 0.5–1 s in 500 W/m2, with 3000 rpm motor speed and 25 ◦C constant temperature. In Figure 17, the power flow across the MPA is settled in 0.02 s. The power through the GWO and WOA is settled in 0.06 and 0.35 s, respectively. This produces a highly fluctuated signal. The suggested power from solar PV reaches 63 kW in 0–0.5 s at an irradiance of 1000 W/m2, as shown in the graph. Then, the power is changed to 40 kW after 0.5–1 s at an irradiance of 500 W/m2. The suggested approach is related to the traditional approach, such as the GWO and WOA MPPT algorithm, and proves the advancement of the suggested method. The battery and PV output is depicted in Figure 18. Figure 18a illustrates the PV power, voltage, and current attained at 62 kW, 340 V, and 185 A, respectively, that were generated in solar PV at 0–0.5 s time range. The irradiance

is 1000 W/m2, and then suddenly PV power, PV current, and PV voltage raise to 61 kW, 175 A, and 325 V, respectively, and irradiance to 500 W/m2.

**Figure 17.** PV panel output power with variable irradiance.

**Figure 18.** (**a**) Battery outputs at variable irradiance (**b**) PV outputs at variable irradiance.

The BLDC motor speed comparison at various irradiances is shown in Figure 19. In Figure 19a, the BLDC motor speed in regard to setting the reference speed of 3000 rpm for 0–0.5 s at PV irradiance is 1000 W/m2. After 0.5 s at the same motor speed, PV irradiance is set to 500 W/m2. The speed of the actual speed-to-reference speed comparisons is depicted in Figure 19b. The torque of the BLDC motor and stator current is shown in Figure 20; Figure 20a shows the high torque starting stage of the motor after 0.01 s, which dropped immediately to settle at 0.01 s on 1.2 Nm. The comparison of speed during the constant speed and variable irradiance of the motor is shown in Figure 20b. The Hall signal and back EMF of all phases are shown in Figure 21a,b.

**Figure 19.** (**a**) Speed of the BLDC motor (**b**) comparison of motor speed and reference speed at varying irradiation.

**Figure 20.** (**a**) BLDC motor torque with variable irradiation and constant speed (**b**) BLDC motor stator current with variable irradiation and constant speed.

Mode 3: Variable motor speed and constant irradiation

The input for this mode is variable motor speed and constant irradiance; 1000 W/m2 for constant irradiance, 3000 W/m<sup>2</sup> for 0–0.2 s, 1000 W/m2 for 0.2–0.4 s, 1500 W/m2 for 0.6–0.8 s, 2500 W/m2 for 0.6–0.8 s, and 2000 W/m2 for 0.8–1 s for BLDC motor speed, respectively. Figure 22 illustrates the PV power at the variable motor speed and constant irradiance comparison. The suggested approach is more admirable than the GWO and WOA. According to the variation in the motor speed, the power will be varied. When the motor speed is 3000 rpm, the suggested technique power will reach 62 kW. When the motor speed is decreased to 1000 rpm, the suggested technique power is increased from 62 KW to reach a power of 81 kW. Accordingly, for motor speeds of 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2500 rpm, the power of the suggested approach will be 78 kW, 70 kW, and 68 kW, respectively. Figure 23 depicts the PV output and battery output at 1000 W/m2 of constant

irradiance, and variable speeds of 3000 between 0 and 0.2 s, 1000 from 0.4–0.6 s, 2500 from 0.6–0.8 s, and 2000 from 0.8–1 s are used. The PV current, power, and voltage are shown in Figure 23a. In that PV power for the regular interval of (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8), high changes may occur for the regular interval. In the meantime, the voltage of PV is drained to 325 V, and the current of PV is increased to 220 A. The battery SOC, battery current, and voltage of the battery are depicted in Figure 24. The changes in battery current and voltage, as well as battery charging and discharging, are caused by the variable motor-speed input. The BLDC motor Hall signal and back EMF at variable speed and constant irradiance are depicted in Figure 25.

**Figure 21.** (**a**) BLDC motor back EMF with variable irradiation and constant speed (**b**) BLDC motor Hall signal with variable irradiation and constant speed.

**Figure 22.** PV power comparison with variable motor speed and constant irradiation.

**Figure 23.** (**a**) PV outputs with varying speeds and constant irradiance (**b**) battery outputs with varying speeds and constant irradiance.

**Figure 24.** (**a**) BLDC motor torque at varying speeds and constant irradiation (**b**) stator current at varying speeds and constant irradiation..

Mode 4: Variable Motor Speed and Variable Irradiance

Figure 26 illustrates the comparison of power output at variable motor speed and variable irradiance. In this mode, variable irradiance is 1000 W/m2 for 0–0.5 s before shifting to 500 W/m<sup>2</sup> for 0.5–1 s. Additionally, the speed is fixed at 3000 rpm for 0–0.2 s, 1000 rpm for 0.4–0.6 s, 1500 rpm for 0.6–0.8 s 2500 rpm, and 2000 rpm for 0.8–1 s. The advanced approach is related to the traditional approach to prove its advantages. The PV and battery output are depicted in Figure 27. The output of the solar PV at variable

speed and irradiance is illustrated in Figure 27a. Power from PV varies concerning varying irradiance and variable speed. Between 0 and 0.5 s, the variable irradiance is changed to 1000 W/m2 and 500 W/m2 between 0.5–1 s. Furthermore, the BLDC motor speed is modified, from 0 to 0.2 s, 3000 rpm, 1000 to 0.4 s, 1500 to 0.6 s, 2500 to 0.8 s, and 2000 to 1 s. All outcomes from PV are changed in favor of the variable speed and variable irradiance. Figure 27b shows the outputs of the battery current, battery voltage, and battery SoC. The BLDC motor speed and a comparison of its speed under different irradiation conditions are illustrated in Figure 28. The motor's speed relative to the reference speed for 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 rpm is demonstrated in Figure 28a. The comparison speed to a reference speed is illustrated in Figure 28b. The reference speed is denoted as a straight red line, and the BLDC motor's actual speed is mentioned as a blue line. The variable speed is given to 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 s time intervals at 3000, 1000, 1500, 2500, and 2000 rpm. Figure 29 depicts the BLDC motor stator current and torque. Figure 29a illustrates the torque. Due to modifications made to the speed of the BLDC motor and irradiance of the solar PV panel, the peak and dip on the torque are now visible. Figure 29b illustrates all three-phase stator currents. Solar energy is used by the boost converter to power the 3000 rpm, 48 V, 1 kW BLDC motor and for battery charging. The operation of a variable speed BLDC motor is shown in Figure 28. We started the motor for 0.2 s and set the reference speed of 3000 rpm. After that, for 0.4 s it is shifted to 1000 rpm, then for 0.6 s it is changed to 1500 rpm, and at the end, it is changed to 2500 rpm. The speed of the motor reaches the designated reference speed in less than 0.01 s. Figure 29a shows the variation in the torque, first supplied at 100 Nm for 0.01 s. Due to speed changes, there are a few spikes in the torque. Figure 29b illustrates the motor current, the result of which is a spike representing a change in speed. Figure 30 illustrates the BLDC motor Hall signal and BLDC motor back EMF; it is varied with variation in speed of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 rpm. According to the above results, the proposed approach is superior to the existing approach.

**Figure 25.** (**a**) Back EMF of BLDC motor (**b**) Hall signal of BLDC motor operating at variable speed and constant irradiation.

**Figure 26.** Comparison of output power with varying irradiation and varying motor speed.

**Figure 27.** (**a**) PV outputs with varying irradiance and varying speed (**b**) battery outputs with varying irradiance and varying speed.

**Figure 28.** (**a**) BLDC motor speed (**b**) comparison of motor speed and reference speed with variable irradiance and variable speed.

**Figure 29.** (**a**) BLDC motor torque with varying speed and irradiation (**b**) stator current with varying speed and irradiation.

Tables 1 and 2 present the qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis of the existing [29] and proposed optimization-based MPPT techniques, respectively. During quantitative analysis, the tracking time and efficiency measures are compared with the conventional P&O, FLC, and AFLC mechanisms. Then, the overall performance of the MPPT controlling algorithms is validated and compared during qualitative analysis based on the parameters of tracking speed, complexity, tracking efficiency, reliability, MPP oscillations, and tracking accuracy. The MPA-MPPT controlling technique provides highly improved results compared to the standard MPPT techniques.

**Figure 30.** (**a**) Back EMF for BLDC motor with varying speed and irradiation (**b**) Hall signal for BLDC motor with varying speed and irradiation.

**Table 1.** Quantitative analysis.


**Table 2.** Qualitative analysis.


Table 3 presents the comparative analysis of existing [30] and proposed optimizationbased MPPT controlling techniques based on the parameters of convergence time, settling time, and efficiency. Then, its corresponding graphical illustrations are presented in Figures 31 and 32, respectively. The estimated analysis proves that the time of the proposed MPA technique is greatly increased with high efficiency, which is highly superior to the other MPPT controlling techniques.


**Table 3.** Comparative analysis.

**Figure 31.** Time analysis.

**Figure 32.** Efficiency analysis.
