*5.2. CEC-C06 2019 Benchmark Functions*

To verify the efficiency and validation of the suggested HGTO-BWO, it was tested and assessed with the modern functions of CEC-C06 2019 [72,73]. The CEC-C06 2019 benchmark function comprises 10 functions, where CEC01 to CEC03 have variable dimensions, while CEC04 to CEC10 have constant dimensions. The statistical analysis during the solving of CEC01 to CEC10 via the proposed HGTO-BWO and others was conducted, and the fetched results are tabulated in Table 3. The bold values given in Table 3 refer to the best results obtained through the proposed approach.

**Table 3.** Statistical analysis of CEC-C06 2019 benchmark functions solved via the proposed hybrid approach and others.



**Table 3.** *Cont.*


**Table 3.** *Cont.*
