*Article* **An Intensified Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA) for Designing a Solar-Powered BLDC Motor Used in EV Systems**

**Rajesh Kanna Govindhan Radhakrishnan <sup>1</sup> , Uthayakumar Marimuthu 2,3 , Praveen Kumar Balachandran <sup>4</sup> , Abdul Majid Mohd Shukry <sup>3</sup> and Tomonobu Senjyu 5,\***


**Abstract:** Recently, due to rapid growth in electric vehicle motors, used and power electronics have received a lot of concerns. 3φ induction motors and DC motors are two of the best and most researched electric vehicle (EV) motors. Developing countries have refined their solution with brushless DC (BLDC) motors for EVs. It is challenging to regulate the 3φ BLDC motor's steady state, rising time, settling time, transient, overshoot, and other factors. The system may become unsteady, and the lifetime of the components may be shortened due to a break in control. The marine predator algorithm (MPA) is employed to propose an e-vehicle powered by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for photovoltaic (PV). The shortcomings of conventional MPPT techniques are addressed by the suggested approach of employing the MPA approach. As an outcome, the modeling would take less iteration to attain the initial stage, boosting the suggested system's total performance. The PID (proportional integral derivative) is used to govern the speed of BLDC motors. The MPPT approach based on the MPA algorithm surpasses the variation in performance. In this research, the modeling of unique MPPT used in PV-based BLDC motor-driven electric vehicles is discussed. Various aspects, which are uneven sunlight, shade, and climate circumstances, play a part in the low performance in practical scenarios, highlighting the nonlinear properties of PV. The MPPT technique discussed in this paper can be used to increase total productivity and reduce the operating costs for e-vehicles based on the PV framework.

**Keywords:** brushless DC motor (BLDC); maximum peak point tracking (MPPT); photovoltaic (PV) systems; electric vehicle (EV) applications; marine predator algorithm (MPA)
