**5. Common Ground Switched-Capacitor (CGSC)-Based MLIs**

Mid-point clamped MLIs can minimize leakage current in transformer-less grid-tied PV systems. HF-CMV in midpoint-clamped MLIs is from DC-link capacitors. To eliminate CMV, CGSC-based MLIs have been proposed, where the input DC source's ground and the grid's neutral point are directly coupled. No leakage current can flow through the system because the parasitic capacitance between the negative terminal of the input DC source, such as PV panels, and the ground sees a grounded potential instead of a fluctuating HF-CMV. This converter is also called a three-port single-DC source inverter or a transformer-less inverter with double grounding. Table 8 provides a comparative study of different CGSC-based MLIs, and Table 9 provides comparative study of different hybrid MLIs [194–196].


**Table 8.** Comparative study of different CGSC-based MLIs.

**Table 9.** Comparative study of different hybrid MLIs.

