**6. Results and Discussion**

The solar PV panels used to generate the power of 500 W, in addition to power connecting the DC-DC converter, are included in the proposed work; it was made by using MATLAB/Simulink software. To charge a vehicle battery, the power extract from PV is used. In this configuration, we are powering a BLDC motor rating of 3000 rpm, 256 V, 1 kW, and a BLDC motor with a series batteries rating of 220 V, 90.4348 Ah. The current and voltage extract from the solar array is given as MPPT input, and the switch in the DC-DC converter is activated by PWM signal, enabling the implementation of the MPPT from the solar array. The proposed MPA-based MPPT control algorithm is correlated to the GWO and WOA MPPT control bioinspired algorithms to assess how well it performs.

The findings of this study are examined in four modes, which are described in the following section:

#### Mode 1: Constant Motor Speed and Constant Irradiance

The MATLAB Simulink software is used to simulate the suggested work under 25 ◦C constant temperature and a constant irradiation of 1000 W/m2, as shown in Figure 12. Meanwhile the settling time is 0.06 s and 0.035 s for power through the GWO and WOA, respectively. This produces a high fluctuating signal. The output power through the MPA is settled in 0.02 s. In the first case, the PV panel temperature is 25 ◦C constant, and the PV irradiance is 1000 W/m2. In affixing, the BLDC motor speed is set at 3000 rpm constant, and the battery voltage and PV power outputs are analyzed in Figure 13. The PV current, PV voltage, and PV power are illustrated in Figure 13; the solar PV power reaches 62 kW and settles in 0.02 s, and the PV current and voltage are obtained at 185 A and 340 V, respectively. Figure 13 demonstrates the outputs of the battery, which are the current, SOC, and output voltage of the battery. The battery current and voltage are obtained at 480 A and 360 V, respectively, and battery SOC is reached at 100% in discharging mode.

**Figure 12.** PV output power while the solar irradiation and motor speed are both constant.

**Figure 13.** (**a**) PV outputs at constant speed and irradiation (**b**) battery outputs at constant speed and irradiation.
