3.2.4. Imitation (Im)

Horses mimic one another and learn from one another's good and bad habits, such as where the finest feeding area is [38]. Young horses have a tendency to imitate elder ones, and this practice is sustained until the end of their life span, as explained in Equations (33) and (34).

$$\operatorname{Im}\_{\mathfrak{m}}^{\text{iter.age}} = \operatorname{im}\_{\mathfrak{m}}^{\text{iter.age}} \left[ \left( \frac{1}{pN} \sum\_{j=1}^{pN} P\_j^{iter-1} \right) - P^{iter-1} \right] \tag{34}$$

$$\dot{m}\_{m}^{\text{iter,age}} = \dot{m}\_{m}^{\text{iter}-1,age} \times \omega\_{\text{im}} \tag{35}$$

The contributions from the above set of equations are listed as follows.

*Imiter*,*age <sup>m</sup>* expresses the motion vector that shows the ith horse among the best choice of horses at P position.

*imiter*,*age <sup>m</sup>* represents the inclination of that particular horse in the orientation of the group on the ith cycle.

N shows the best position's horse number. p is the category of the 10% of chosen horses. *ωim* Factor denotes the factor of reduction/iteration for *iiter*.
