*4.8. PR and PE Analysis*

The experimental study was conducted for PR assessment. When compared to SP, TCT, SDK and SM arrangements, I-SDK had the highest PR of 70.97% in shading patterns IV.

The experimental value of PE was detected and certified as 22.74% during the shading case-IV experimental investigation. For experimental research, PR and PE analysis are depicted as a bar chart in Figure 24.

**Figure 24.** (**a**) PR (**b**) PE analysis for case IV.

#### *4.9. Comparison of Simulation and Experimental Results under Shading Case-IV*

The key performance parameters were investigated during the MATLAB/Simulink study and validated through an experimental study under shading case-IV. Table 8 was explored to show the difference between the key parameters during both the studies under shading case-IV as


**Table 8.** Parameters for Simulink and experimental studies under shading case-IV.

#### **5. Conclusions**

An I-SDK shade dispersion configuration approach was proposed in this study to increase a PV array's power generation under PSCs. A MATLAB/Simulink model was used to assess the performance of several 6 × 6 size PV array configurations, such as TCT, SDK, I-SDK and SM, for various parameters such as power at GMPP, FF, PL and PE.


When compared to the SP, TCT, SDK and SM configurations under different shading patterns, the improved I-SDK configuration enhanced the global maximum power, uniformly dispersed the shading influence and minimized the PL. In addition, an experimental inquiry was conducted to analyze the data and determine the practicality of the proposal. Using machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques, new puzzle-solving algorithms can be developed for dealing with realistic shading situations on a more generic scale. More research and development into reconfigurable PV array technology is needed to get us closer to commercial viability in the future using metaheuristics techniques to enhance the shade dispersion factor.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.A.; Methodology, B.A.; Software, S.B.T.; Formal analysis, R.K.P.; Resources, B.V.A.; Data curation, R.K.P. and S.B.T.; Writing—original draft, B.A.; Writing review & editing, R.K.P. and S.B.T.; Visualization, B.V.A.; Project administration, B.V.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Deputy for Research and Innovation-Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for this research through a grant (NU/IFC/2/SERC/-/25) under the Institutional Funding Committee at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Copyright License Disclaimer:** MATLAB software (R2023a) license is registered with the UPES, Dehradun and Simulink study is carried out in the manuscript.
