**4. Results and Discussion**

The suggested PV array configurations were used to estimate performance in all four shading circumstances. The preferred PV array setups were used to estimate performance under all four distinct shading scenarios. An investigation into the PV system's performance was carried out using MATLAB/Simulink, while experimentation was used to verify the results.

#### *4.1. MATLAB/Simulink Study: P-V and I-V Curves under Shading Case I–IV*

A thorough examination of the achieved performance of SP, TCT, SDK, I-SDK and SM arrangements was considered. The behavior of the characterized P-V and I-V curves for PV array topologies under shading scenarios I-IV is depicted in Figures 15 and 16.

**Figure 15.** (**a**–**d**) P-V curves of SP, TCT, SDK, I-SDK and SM models under shading scenarios: I–IV.

**Figure 16.** (**a**–**d**) I-V curves for SP, TCT, SDK, I-SDK and SM models under shading scenarios: I–IV.

Shade losses are greater in the SP and TCT configurations due to a lack of coherence between the maximum power of the module and the GMPP of the PV array. The SP and TCT configurations, GMPPs are 108.7 W and 121.3 W for shading case-I at nonuniform irradiation levels: 1000 W/m2 -200 W/m2, respectively. Moreover, for other reconfigured PV arrays such as SDK, I-SDK and SM, the GMPPs are investigated as 139.9 W, 143.5 W and 136.3 W.

During the shade case-II, the SP and TCT electrical arrangements had inferior power performance at GMPPs of 113.2 W and 115.9 W, respectively. SDK, I-SDK and SM configurations feature different GMPP sites for equivalent climatic conditions, including 139.1 W, 141.7 W and 136.9 W, respectively, in terms of uniform irradiance levels (1000 W/m2 -200 W/m2).

P-V curves with several maximum points show that GMPP power is present. Under the shading case-III, the TCT, SDK and SM models performed better than the SP configuration in terms of GMPP, with values of 103.4 W, 134.1 W and 133.3 W, respectively. Because of its shade dispersion characteristics, the I-SDK design had the maximum power among the examined PV array topologies at GMPP of 138.1 W.

The SP setup had a low power output at GMPP of 108.1 W when using shading case-IV. For identical environmental needs, TCT, SDK, I-SDK and SM setups with multiple GMPP locations such as 108.8 W, 124.8 W, 129.3 W and 123.1 W are available.

In Case-I, the I-SDK configuration had smoother I-V characteristics than the SP, TCT, SDK and SM versions. When compared to other configurations, the ISC for the I-SDK configuration was judged to be 2.90 A after the examination. The values for ISC for all

PV array configurations were SP (3.29 A), TCT (3.29 A), SDK (2.87 A) and SM (2.96 A) arrangements.

For shading case II, the I-V characteristic of the I-SDK setup exhibited smooth behavior, achieving ISC and VOC of 2,80 A and 66.65 V, respectively. For the SP, TCT, SDK and SM models, the ISC values were 2.96 A, 2.96 A, 2.80 A and 2.77 A, respectively. When compared to other settings, the shading effects of SP and TCT settings enhanced volatility.

During shading case-III, the nature of the I-V curve for I-SDK was confirmed to be smoother and reported as 2.63 A when compared to SP, TCT, SDK and SM arrangements. The ISC was 2.97 A (SP), 2.97 A (TCT), 2.63 A (SDK) and 2.85 A for other setups (SM).

The nature of the I-V curves was investigated in shading case-IV. In this scenario, the I-SDK setup exhibited smooth behavior to achieve ISC and VOC in the 2.60 A and 65.5 V ranges. In addition, the ISC values for the 2.77 A, 2.77 A, 2.77 A and 2.77 A configurations were obtained.

The MATLAB and simulation study was analyzed from a critical perspective. The efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems decreased dramatically when realistic shading patterns were used. Voltage and power at GMPP, PL and FF can be calculated using P-V and I-V curves. Table 6 provides the quantitative findings of the MATLAB/Simulink study for shading profiles I–IV.


