**6. Application of HGTO-BWO: Parameter Estimation of PV Cell/Module**

The proposed HGTO-BWO was applied to solve a vital problem regarding the identification of the optimal parameters of the PV cell/panel equivalent circuit with the aid of experimental data. The topic is very important as it is necessary to establish a reliable model of a PV system that simulates reality. This helps many researchers to conduct their work in the constructed circuit via the proposed methodology.

The parameters were computed in standard operating conditions for the PVM752 cell, STM6-40/36 panel, and PWP-201 module. Also, the double diode models for the KC200GT and MSX60 were constructed under various solar irradiances and temperatures. Table 4 shows the considered upper and lower limits of the design variables.


**Table 4.** The upper and lower limits of design variables for various PV cell/models.
