*2.2. Triple Diode Model (TDM)*

Another model described in this work is the TDM; this model includes a current source, two resistors, and triple diodes, as shown in Figure 2. Dual diodes are considered in the model and are similar to those of the DDM, due to the reassembly and connection losses, while the third diode is due to the losses of the reassembly flow zones and boundaries [65,67].

The TDM can be expressed by following equations:

$$I\_{PV} = I\_{ph} - I\_{d1} - I\_{d2} - I\_{d3} - I\_{sh} \tag{4}$$

$$\begin{split} I\_{PV} = I\_{ph} - I\_{d1} \left[ \exp\left[\frac{q[V\_{PV} + R\_s I\_{PV}]}{A\_1 KT}\right] - 1\right] - I\_{d2} \left[ \exp\left[\frac{q[V\_{PV} + R\_s I\_{PV}]}{A\_2 KT}\right] - 1 \right] \\ - I\_{d3} \left[ \exp\left[\frac{q[V\_{PV} + R\_s I\_{PV}]}{A\_3 KT}\right] - 1\right] - \left[\frac{V\_{PV} + R\_s I\_{PV}}{R\_{sh}}\right] \end{split} \tag{5}$$

There are nine parameters to be evaluated in this model. The following vector can be used to represent them:

$$\mathbf{x} = \begin{bmatrix} A\_1 A\_2 A\_3 R\_s R\_{sh} I\_{d1} I\_{d2} I\_{d3} I\_{ph} \end{bmatrix} \tag{6}$$
