*4.2. Implementation of MPA for MPPT during PSCs*

In the search space between Dmin and Dmax [0 to 1], the particles should be initialized for the implementation of MPPT using the MPA optimization technique with a population size of 4, since the work uses four panels in the array. Due to irradiance change, the power will change at that time the code will automatically restart or reinitialize and is given by the conditional Equation (27).

$$\text{if } \frac{\left| \mathbf{P}\_{\text{PV}\_{\text{new}}} - \mathbf{P}\_{\text{PV}\_{\text{old}}} \right|}{\mathbf{P}\_{\text{PV}\_{\text{old}}}} \ge \mathbf{P}\_{\text{PV}} (\text{\textdegree o}) \tag{27}$$

The flow chart of the proposed bioinspired MPA technique-based MPPT is given in Figure 10, which will validate Equation (27).

**Figure 10.** Flowchart for marine predator algorithm-based MPPT.

To provide maximum power for the EV, the above-mentioned process using MPA will track and extract the maximum power from the solar PV.
