*4.5. Whole Analysis*

Pursuant to scholarly opinion and statistical results, Table 25 analyses the positive and negative properties of various metaheuristics. They can help beginners to understand cutting-edge research.

**Table 25.** Various methods' positive and negative properties.


**Table 25.** *Cont.*


For the different applied metaheuristics, we find the following challenges.


7. New approaches are not sufficiently balanced for specific issues. For example, GSK, SDO, TGA, and SOS are under-exploited, and HHO and FPOA are under-explored.

The challenges above are all tailored to specific metaheuristics. Moreover, several additional challenges remain for the parameter extraction problem.

