*2.1. PV Cell Modeling*

The PV module's mathematical analysis was used for MATLAB/Simulink modeling of the PV cell and electrical equivalent circuit of a single diode model, as shown in Figure 1.

**Figure 1.** PV cell: electrical equivalent model [32].

The output current of a solar PV cell is given in Equation (1) [19] as

$$I\_{PV} = N\_{pp} \left\{ I\_{PV\_n} - I\_O \left[ \exp\left(\frac{V\_{PV} + I\_{PV}R\_S}{V\_t N\_{SS}}\right) - 1 \right] \right\} - \left(\frac{V\_{PV} + I\_{PV}R\_S}{R\_P}\right) \tag{1}$$

where '*IPV*'—PV cell current, '*Rp*'—parallel resistance, 'S'—series resistance, '*IO*'—reverse saturation current, '*Vt*'—thermal voltage, '*NSS*' and '*Npp*' are the number of cells connected in systematic order (series and parallel).
