*Article* **The Institutionalization of Implicit and Explicit CSR in a Developing Country Context: The Case of Lebanon**

**Samer Kobrossy \*, Robert Karaszewski and Riad AlChami**

College of Business Administration Faculty, American University of the Emirates, Dubai 503000, United Arab Emirates

**\*** Correspondence: samer.kobrossy@aue.ae

**Abstract:** This article presents a qualitative study pertaining to the interface between business and society that primarily focuses on the prominent institutional factors that are influencing organizations to adopt explicit and implicit forms of corporate social responsibility in a developing country context. This is a pertinent subject because developing countries contain a large proportion of the world's population and, subsequently, a large proportion of salient issues in the social, economic, and environmental arena. This study identifies that, in the country context chosen namely Lebanon, explicit social responsibility initiatives are driven by predominantly normative and mimetic institutional pressures emanating from both local and international institutions. This study also identifies that implicit social responsibility initiatives are driven by normative institutional pressures emanating from elements in the national business system. Contributions of this study include a conceptual model to aid future research, identifying the importance of the duality of corporate social responsibility, the importance of international institutions in facilitating explicit social responsibility proliferation, and the importance for managers to include explicit social responsibility initiatives in their organizational mandate. Future research can use a different sampling technique, conduct interviews with employees that are not directly involved with social responsibility initiatives, or use other perspectives, such as agency theory or theory of institutional logics, to gain more insight on the topic.

**Keywords:** CSR; developing countries; Lebanon; sustainability; institutional theory; implicit CSR; explicit CSR; management
