*2.2. Data Resources*

The data of the present study mainly come from the National Remote Sensing Center, Guizhou Branch (Guizhou Provincial Remote Sensing Center) and the State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, China, including land use data of 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020. Administrative division data from Qixingguan District, road vector data, statistical yearbook data for Qixingguan District from 2009 to 2020, and Seventh National Census Data were also used. This part of the data takes the 46 townships or streets as the basic unit for attribute assignment. Digital elevation model (DEM) data with 30 m resolution were acquired from the Geospatial Data Cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn/). In this study, the first land use included cultivated land, garden land, forest land, grassland, water area, construction land, and other land types. According to the Land Use Status Classification System (GB/T21010-2017) [38] and previous research [39], the second class of construction land included urban land, urban industrial and mining land, rural residential land, transportation land, scenic spots, and special land.
