*5.1. Analysis of the Homogeneity and Heterogeneity of Land Use Changes around Typical Rural Settlement Types*

### 5.1.1. Homogeneity Analysis of Land Use Changes around Different Settlement Types

The analysis of land use changes in the buffer zone of the ES, AS, DS, and BS found that the homogeneity of land use changes around different settlement types in karst trough valleys mainly manifested in the spatial dimension and the temporal pattern dimension. Homogeneity was manifested as follows: Firstly, spatially, the increment in trough dam settlement showed an inverted U-shaped variation with land class (Figure 8), the ES, and an increase in land types. The number of settlements and land types of DS on the trough slopes showed a linear change of "\". A single land type appeared when the settlement on trough slopes died out. At the top of the trough AS with BS, the number of communities and land types showed an "L" change; the development of settlements at the top of the troughs appeared to be flat, and the number of land types decreased. Second, the land types around the ES at the top and bottom of the trough were more and less influenced by the settlement within 200 m. At the same time, within the 200 m buffer zone and outside the 200 m buffer zone, the land use around the early and late settlement retained a particular slope of sloping arable land. Third, the abandonment phenomenon existed inside and outside different settlement types' 200 m buffer zone. In addition, the homogeneity of the land use of settlements in terms of temporal characteristics was shown by the annual enrichment of land use land types around different settlement types from 1964 to 2021. Land use structure and function around different settlement types in karst trough valleys showed dynamic changes.

#### 5.1.2. Analysis of the Variability of Land Use Change around Different Settlements

Different settlement types in karst trough valleys have differences in the buffer zone and temporal characteristics of land use changes around them. From the analysis of the overall land use changes of different settlement types, it was found that the ES land use evolution at the bottom of the trough valley showed that the closer the location to the center of the settlement, the richer the land use type. Moreover, its land use buffer type and land type shift showed that it was dominated by arable land, orchards, and tea gardens (Figure 8). The farther it is away from the settlement center, the more homogeneous the land use type is, and the land use type showed the ecological restoration type of use, such as forest land, abandoned land, and grassland. The land use evolution pattern of the BS at the top of the trough showed that the land use types were richer regardless of the distance from the settlement, and the land use types in the buffer zone and around the settlement were mainly arable land. The land use changes in the AS showed a closer distance to the settlements on the slopes of the troughs and valleys. The primary land use type for more homogeneous land use type was mainly arable land, abandoned land, and other valuable methods. The more distant the settlement, the richer the land use type was. The primary land use type is steep-slope arable land, grassland, irrigation grass, and forestland. The DS land use changes on the slopes of the trough valley mainly show that the rural residential areas in the center of the settlement are abandoned, and their buffer zone land class and the land class transfer around the settlement are mainly abandoned land, grassland, and forestland, while in the buffer zone dimension, the closer to the settlement center, the lower the land class richness, and vice versa. Regarding the characteristics of the temporal pattern of land use change in the settlement, the abandoned land, grassland, and forestland around the settlement expanded, and the arable land and residential areas shrank from 1964 to 2021.

**Figure 8.** Homogeneity and heterogeneity analysis of land use change in buffer zones of settlement types.
