Sponge Cities: Emerging Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities

© 2019 by the authors; CC BY license

ABC Waters; LID; SuDS; WSUD; water quantity control; runoff control; numerical simulation; sustainable storm water management; ABC Waters; LID; SuDS; WSUD; water quantity control; runoff control; numerical simulation; sustainable storm water management; stormwater harvesting; rainfall; surface runoff; GIS; suitable sites; Saaty AHP; entropy weight method; PCA; decision making; mercury species; urban road runoff; events mean concentrations (EMCs); water pollution; first flush; grassed swale; permeable pavement; SWMM; storm management; Sustainable Drainage Systems; multi-objective optimization; multiple values; thermal insulation; extensive green roof; irrigation; arid regions; Sponge City; urban planning; fuzzy logic; GIS; flooding; agile adaptation; cities; climate adaptation; implementation; flooding; urban areas; Sustainable Drainage Systems; green infrastructure; Blue-Green cities; Sponge Cities; multiple benefits; benefit intensity; sponge city; sustainable drainage system; porous pavement; stormwater management; low impact development; SWMM; urbanization; land-cover; land-use; surface runoff; low impact development; sponge city; bacteria; bioinfiltration; infiltration; pathogens; runoff; sediment; urbanization; bioretention; saturated zone; nitrogen removal; leaching; drying and wetting; wetland; rhizosphere bacteria; available phosphorus; pH; deep uncertainty; Real Options Analysis; sequencing approaches; ecosystem; wetland; adaptation tipping points; climate change; management strategy; urban water quality; floodwater; human health; water quality monitoring and assessment system; detention; cold climate; hydrological performance; LECA-based roof; lightweight aggregate; sustainable drainage systems (SuDS); water-detaining non-green roof; sponge city; permeable pavement; Green’s function; cooling performance; extreme rainfall; risk; quick scan; urban drainage management; CityDrain3 model; sponge city; polder; urban flood; sensitivity analysis; urban resilience; flooding; governance; green infrastructure; Hoboken; Rebuild by Design; Yangtze river delta; sponge cities; water ecology; water resources; urban flood risk; ecological revetment; Vetiver grass; gabion; riprap; microbial diversity; urbanization; flood risk; flood risk management; perceptions of flooding; willingness to pay; sponge city; water sensitive city; urban water cycle; nature-based solutions; resilience; urban flooding; eco-restoration; stormwater management; low-impact development; sustainable drainage systems; filters; horizontal sub-surface flow CW; earthworms; LID; removal efficiency