*Article* **Research and Experiments of Hazelnut Harvesting Machine Based on CFD-DEM Analysis**

**Dezhi Ren 1, Haolin Yu 1, Ren Zhang 1, Jiaqi Li 2, Yingbo Zhao 3, Fengbo Liu 2, Jinhui Zhang <sup>4</sup> and Wei Wang 1,\***

<sup>1</sup> College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China

<sup>2</sup> Liaoning Agricultural College, Yingkou 115009, China


**\*** Correspondence: wangweisyau@126.com; Tel.: +86-188-0404-5818

**Abstract:** To solve the problem of difficult hazelnut harvesting in mountainous areas of Liaoning, China, a small pneumatic hazelnut harvesting machine was designed, which can realize negative pressure when picking up hazelnut mixtures and positive pressure when cleaning impurities. The key structure and parameters of the harvesting machine were determined by constructing a mechanical model of the whole machine and combining theoretical analysis and operational requirements. To explore the harvesting machine scavenging performance, Liaoning hazelnut No. 3 with a moisture content of 7.47% was used as the experimental object. Firstly, the terminal velocity of hazelnuts and fallen leaves was measured using a material suspension velocity test bench. Secondly, the gas–solid two-phase flow theory was applied comprehensively, and the motion state, particle distribution, and air flow field distribution of hazelnuts from the inlet to the outlet of the pneumatic conveying device were simulated and analyzed using the coupling of computational flow fluid dynamics method (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) to evaluate the cleaning performance from the perspective of the net fruit rate of hazelnuts in the cleaning box. Finally, a Box–Behnken design experiment was conducted with the sieve plate angle, the distance of the sieve plate, and the air flow velocity as factors and the net fruit rate of hazelnuts as indicators to explore the influence of the three factors on the net fruit rate of hazelnuts. The parameter optimization module of Design-Expert software was used to obtain the optimal combination of parameters for the factors. The experimental results show that the test factors affecting the test index are the following: the air flow rate, the angle of the screen plate, and the distance of the screen plate. The best combination of parameters was an air flow velocity of 14.1 m·s<sup>−</sup>1, a sieve plate angle of 55.7◦, and a distance of the sieve plate of 33.2 mm. The net fruit rate of hazelnuts was 95.12%. The clearing performance was stable and can guarantee the requirements of hazelnut harvester operation, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the design of a nut harvester.

**Keywords:** pneumatic; CFD-EDM; simulation analysis; harvester
