2.2.1. Setting of the Simulations

The 3D model of the test device for the simulation stacking angle of the peat substate was established in the DEM software (EDEM 2020, Altair Engineering, Troy, MI, USA) according to its practical dimension. The material of the test device was set to stainless steel with a Poisson's ratio of 0.3, density of 7850 kg·m−3, and shear modulus of <sup>7</sup> × 1010 Pa. The single spherical particles with a radius of 1 mm with a normal distribution were used to form the peat particles. The Hertz–Mindlin model and the JKR contact model were adopted in this simulation.
