*Article* **Diversity and Functional Evolution of Terpene Synthases in Rosaceae**

**Aidi Zhang 1,2, Yuhong Xiong 1,2,3, Jing Fang 1,2,3, Xiaohan Jiang 1,2,3, Tengfei Wang 1,2,3, Kangchen Liu 1,2,3, Huixiang Peng 1,2,3 and Xiujun Zhang 1,2,\***

	- liukangchen18@mails.ucas.ac.cn (K.L.); penghuixiang20@mails.ucas.ac.cn (H.P.)

**Abstract:** Terpenes are organic compounds and play important roles in plant development and stress response. Terpene synthases (TPSs) are the key enzymes for the biosynthesis of terpenes. For Rosaceae species, terpene composition represents a critical quality attribute, but limited information is available regarding the evolution and expansion occurring in the terpene synthases gene family. Here, we selected eight Rosaceae species with sequenced and annotated genomes for the identification of TPSs, including three *Prunoideae*, three *Maloideae*, and two *Rosoideae* species. Our data showed that the TPS gene family in the Rosaceae species displayed a diversity of family numbers and functions among different subfamilies. Lineage and species-specific expansion of the TPSs accompanied by frequent domain loss was widely observed within different TPS clades, which might have contributed to speciation or environmental adaptation in Rosaceae. In contrast to *Maloideae* and *Rosoideae* species, *Prunoideae* species owned less TPSs, with the evolution of *Prunoideae* species, TPSs were expanded in modern peach. Both tandem and segmental duplication significantly contributed to TPSs expansion. Ka/Ks calculations revealed that *TPSs* genes mainly evolved under purifying selection except for several pairs, where the divergent time indicated TPS-e clade was diverged relatively anciently. Gene function classification of TPSs further demonstrated the function diversity among clades and species. Moreover, based on already published RNA-Seq data from NCBI, the expression of most TPSs in *Malus domestica*, *Prunus persica*, and *Fragaria vesca* displayed tissue specificity and distinct expression patterns either in tissues or expression abundance between species and TPS clades. Certain putative TPS-like proteins lacking both domains were detected to be highly expressed, indicating the underlying functional or regulatory potentials. The result provided insight into the TPS family evolution and genetic information that would help to improve Rosaceae species quality.

**Keywords:** terpene synthases; Rosaceae; expansion; evolution
