*2.5. Ethical Considerations*

The review was conducted ethically throughout the conceptualisation, planning, implementation and dissemination phases. No permission was needed to conduct this review; however, all sources used are duly acknowledged in the text and in the reference list.


**Table 1.** Critical appraisal checklist for the included quantitative

 and mixed method studies.


**Table 2.** Critical appraisal checklist for the included qualitative studies.

Source: JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses (2017). Key: Yes = Y; Cannot tell = CN; No = N.


Source: JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses (2017). Key: Yes = Y; No = N; Unclear=U; Not Applicable = N/A.

11. Were the specific directives for new research appropriate? Y

## **3. Results**

On the basis of the studies included in this review, e-assessment was shown to be controversial among scholars due to the opportunities and challenges presented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite all the challenges, which include connectivity issues leading to frustration and stress and the unpreparedness and attitudes of students and facilitators, there are some opportunities that emerged from e-assessment that are believed to be beneficial to both the students and the facilitators, as well as the institution. Opportunities

include reduced administrative burden, improved teaching and learning and immediate feedback from facilitators to students and from students to facilitators.
