Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics were performed using SAS software Version 9.4.36. Descriptive statistics including means and frequencies were generated for participants (*n* = 66) who provided direct patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. For the telehealth and interprofessional components of the survey, the summary was provided at both the overall level and expatriate status. To ensure homogeneity of the results, a sensitivity analysis was performed on a subset of the sample (*n* = 44) who were nurses and physicians.

## **3. Results**

#### *3.1. Satisfaction of Interprofessional Care Interactions*

Of the 66 health professionals who participated in our survey 7.6% strongly agreed, 40.9% agreed, and 22.7% somewhat agreed that they were satisfied with the frequency of interprofessional care interaction 6 months before the pandemic (Table 2). In addition, 9.1% strongly agreed, 37.9% agreed, and 21.2% somewhat agreed that they were satisfied with the quality of interprofessional care interaction 6 months before the pandemic. When examining the time during the pandemic, 13.6% strongly agreed, 33.3% agreed, and 19.7% somewhat agreed that they were satisfied with the frequency of interprofessional care interaction. In addition, 15.2% strongly agreed, 31.8% agreed, and 16.7% somewhat agreed that they were satisfied with the quality of interprofessional care interaction. When we asked participants about telehealth usage for interprofessional collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic, 7 (10.6%) stated that their telehealth

use decreased, 28 (42.4%) stated that their use did not change, and 31 (47%) stated that their telehealth use increased.



Statistical analysis was conducted to explore the satisfaction data further (Table 3). Both interprofessional satisfaction on frequency and quality showed no significant difference between 6 months before and during the pandemic. However, both satisfactions were positively correlated with the frequency of interactions. For example, the odds of satisfaction of frequency and quality were about 12 times (OR = 12.27) and 8 times (OR = 8.24) more, respectively, for the participants with more than three times of interaction than the participants with no interaction at all. The change in telehealth usage was the other significant factor.

**Table 3.** Impact of COVID-19 on interprofessional satisfaction, *n* = 66.

