*2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria*

The selection criteria included the following: (i) studies and reports written in English that reported on opportunities and challenges of e-assessment or online/virtual assessment in health science education or nursing education; (ii) articles and reports published in peer-reviewed journals; and (iii) published between 2020 and 2022. The search terms used were online practical assessment; virtual practical assessment; e-assessment practical tests; electronic assessment practical; digital practical assessment; virtual practical examination; student nurse educator; student nurse lecturer; student faculty nurse; student nurse teacher.

Articles and reports were excluded if they (i) focused only on e-learning and teaching; (ii) focused on virtual simulation assessment but were published before 2020; and/or (iii) were published in non-peer-reviewed journals. Thesis and dissertations outside health sciences institution repositories were also omitted.

## *2.3. Selection Process*

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis were applied in order to determine the most appropriate articles for review [42]. The search focused on full articles that included the key concepts. The thorough search generated 266 results, including reports and research articles; after duplicates were removed, the remaining 166 were reviewed at title, abstract and relevance level. This review resulted in the further removal of 129 articles. The remaining 37 were closely read to verify the methodology and the population, resulting in the further removal of 22 records. Fifteen articles then remained for critical review. The PRISMA diagram in Figure 1 illustrates the steps followed in selection of included articles.

**Figure 1.** Flow diagram of the narrative review [42].
