*2.4. Data Collection Procedure*

Prior to data collection, the study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the university. A researcher approached all eligible nursing students at the end of in-person lectures and explained to them the purpose of the study. They were informed that participation in this study is voluntary, and they could withdraw from it at any time. A refusal to participate would not affect their learning process and academic results. Students who were interested in the study were asked to sign a paper or digital consent form, fill in the questionnaire, and immediately return it to the researcher. Other eligible students who did not have in-person lectures were sent the survey via a Google Form to invite them to participate and complete the survey. The survey was sent out to a total of 180 students. Nursing students completed the survey on paper and online between 1 January 2019, and 2 February 2019, for the period before COVID-19 and 30 September 2020, and 30 October 2020, for the period during COVID-19.
