*2.4. Data Extraction, Analysis, Synthesis and Quality/Critical Appraisal*

Data were extracted on study details (author/s and country of study), methods (population, sample and sample size, collection and analysis methods), key results and conclusions. Studies were organised and tabulated into classifications by area of specialised fields. The data were analy sed using inductive and descriptive synthesis [43]. The review question was used as the basis for searching the data for relevant expressions, which were then further tabulated. To synthesise the data, the author used tabulation to search the data for similarities and differences and further organise the data into categories named according to the content. The author critically evaluated the final articles using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for qualitative and quantitative studies. The JBI tool with ten items was applied to rate the quality of qualitative studies [44], whereas another JBI tool with eight items was used to evaluate the quantitative (cross-sectional) studies [45]. Finally, 15 studies that met the quality appraisal criteria were retained (n = 15). Table 1 shows the JBI for quantitative and mixed method studies included (n = 12). The included qualitative articles, presented in Table 2, scored yes (n = 2), and the single literature review is presented in Table 3.
