**2. Materials and Methods**

#### *Study and Instrument Design*

We used a cross-sectional online survey design that is rooted and grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The TAM model allows us to identify characteristics that affect the use of telehealth technologies. Survey questions for this study were extracted from validated health surveys such as the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ) [16–18]. This study expands on a previous study conducted in the United States and has been modified specifically for healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. The research team reviewed the survey instrument and ensured face validity. The study was submitted to the University Institutional Review Board (IRB), and received approval under 'expedited review'. The final web-based survey consisted of demographic questions, provider practice questions, patient engagement questions, and the TUQ. We included questions on telehealth use before the start of the pandemic and during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey was created and disseminated using the web-tool Qualtrics™. Informed consent was at the beginning of the survey. Participants acknowledge a statement of consent to participate in the anonymous survey.
