Stress from Clinical Training

Moreover, four articles found that stress from clinical training is one of the stressors that affected nursing students from around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first article by [7], which was conducted in Israel at Ashkelon Academic College, 50% of participants reported that they suffered from a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the workplace. According to the study among nursing students, a lack of PPE was associated with higher anxiety scores in comparison with those students who did not suffer from a lack of PPE at the workplace.

Another study by [19] found that the main stressors for student nurses during this pandemic include adhering to COVID-19 precautions due to lack of adequate preparation. The third study was conducted in Nepal by [10]. According to the cross-sectional study, the pandemic presented more stressors to nursing students who were working in the hospital and worried about the necessity of adhering to COVID-19 precautions. In agreement, the pandemic caused anxiety and stress, according to another study by [5]. The authors conducted the study in the United States among 50 nursing students to explore anxiety and stress experienced by nursing students and identify sources of support during the transition to online learning. The study points out, anxiety and stress were evident due to a lack of PPE among nursing students who work in the hospital during the pandemic.

#### Stress from COVID-19 Infection

Four articles reported on the issue of stress from COVID-19 infection. The first study by [7], which was conducted in Israel on 244 nursing students, found that a high level of anxiety was related to a fear of getting infected by the COVID-19 virus; the anxiety score was 13.7 out of 14 according to generalized anxiety disorder 7- item scale. The second study by [16] in Croatia on 33 nursing students pointed out that 19 of the students felt stress and fear about the elderly members of their families getting infected by COVID-19. At the same time, 15 of them worried about getting infected by COVID-19 in the clinical setting.

The third study by [19] was also conducted in Turkey on 662 nursing students. A total of 68% of them worried about being infected by the COVID-19 virus, and 78.9% of the students apply adequate precautions against infection to protect themselves, 97% wash their hands frequently, 82.3% wear a mask, and 92.9% maintain a social distance. The fourth study by [10] involved 184 nursing students from universities in Nepal. The study reported that 21% of the students worried about their families being infected by the COVID-19 virus, while 8.2% worried about themselves being infected by the virus. Additionally, the studies established the coping mechanisms of the nursing students during the pandemic.
