**Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Measure Knowledge of and Attitude toward COVID-19 among Nursing Students in Greece**

**Athina E. Patelarou 1,\*, Theocharis Konstantinidis 1, Evangelia Kartsoni 1, Enkeleint A. Mechili 2,3, Petros Galanis 4, Michail Zografakis-Sfakianakis <sup>1</sup> and Evridiki Patelarou <sup>1</sup>**


Received: 11 October 2020; Accepted: 12 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020

**Abstract:** Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing students have had a key role in supporting the healthcare sector. They can join healthcare professionals in clinical practice or provide information to increase citizens' levels of knowledge and their compliance with the restriction measures. The study aimed to develop and validate a tool to measure knowledge of and attitudes toward COVID-19 among nursing students in Greece. Methods: A questionnaire was developed through theoretical research and expert consultation. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 undergraduate nursing students of the Department of Nursing, Hellenic Mediterranean University, recruited by convenient sampling. Validity and reliability were analyzed. Results: The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure was 0.84, indicating that the sample size was adequate for factor analysis. In addition, the p-value for Bartlett's test of sphericity was <0.001, denoting that the correlation matrix was suitable for factor analysis. The construct validity of the questionnaire was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), which revealed that 16 items lead to four factors: knowledge, attitude toward restriction measures, compliance with them, and volunteering. One of the key findings of this study was that participants preferred to receive information from valid sources rather than social media during the crucial period of the "infodemic". Conclusions: The questionnaire was shown to have satisfying psychometric properties and, therefore, can be used as a tool in future research in the area of nursing students' knowledge, attitudes, compliance, and volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic.

**Keywords:** COVID-19; attitude; compliance; knowledge; nursing students; validation
