*2.6. Ethical Considerations*

Before using the PSS and CBI tools, the researcher obtained permission from the original authors. The data collection tool contained a cover page that explained the aim of the study. All principles of ethics were adhered during the study. Therefore, anonymity and confidentiality of each individual's data were also assured during the data collection stage. Participation in the survey was entirely optional and was at the discretion of each receiving the survey.

#### *2.7. Statistical Analysis*

The nursing student sample in this study was used to test the reliability and validity of the combined survey using confirmatory factor analysis. To analyze the results of the survey, means and standard deviations were utilized to examine the level of stress and coping strategies subscales and total scores. The Student T-test was used to compare the subscales and mean scores for the level of stress and coping strategies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also used the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to check the cumulative distributions of our two samples. All analyses were conducted in Stata 16, and significance was determined at *p* < 0.05.


**Table 2.** Nursing student demographic characteristics, *n* = 131.
