*3.1. Study Selection*

A total of 637 articles were identified through electronic database searches; 162 (26.2%) were excluded for being duplicates, and then, a total of 475 studies were screened by titles and abstracts. Fifty-six (11.8%) full texts were evaluated, and ten (17.9%) were excluded for the following reasons: tissue samples did not include bladder tissues (n = 5), full text was not available (n = 2), case-report (n = 1), review (n = 1), and dataset described in another study (n = 1). A total of 46 (46/56; 82.1%) manuscripts were included in the review (Table 1; Figure 1). *Diagnostics* **2022**, *12*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 19

**Figure 1.** PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews, which included searches of databases and registers only. **Figure 1.** PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews, which included searches of databases and registers only.


**Table 1.** Characteristics of the included studies (n = 46).










*Diagnostics* **2022**, *12*, 1759

**Table 1.** *Cont.*


\* not specified.
