*2.1. Study Group*

The study group consisted of 2554 men and 3136 women, of the National Multicenter Health Survey II (in Polish—WOBASZ II). WOBASZ II is a cross-sectional study representative of the Polish population of adults aged 20 years and older, which was conducted by the Institute of Cardiology (at present National Institute of Cardiology), Warsaw, Poland, in 2013–2014, in collaboration with five national medical universities. The design and methods of the WOBASZ II study have been described in detail elsewhere [22]. Approval for the WOBASZ II study was obtained from the Bioethics Committee at the National Institute of Cardiology (No. 1344), and was approved for the current study (No. 1837). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Data on participants' demographics, diseases, leisure-time physical activities, tobacco use, and alcohol intake, were collected using a standardized questionnaire developed for the WOBASZ II study. The classification of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was adopted according to World Health Organization guidelines [23]. Respondents were defined as having CVD if they had a reported history of any of the following: coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation and/or other cardiac arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disease of the lower limbs, heart failure, coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting, and implanted pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator. The criterion for diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association [24], was a glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or use of glucose-lowering medication. Blood pressure (BP) was measured three times on the right arm after 5 min of rest in a sitting position at 1 min intervals, and the final BP was reported as the mean of the second and third measurements. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or when antihypertensive drugs were used. Height and weight measurements were taken by personnel trained in standard procedures. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Biochemical analyses were performed at the Central Laboratory "Diagnostyka" at the National Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw.

### *2.2. Food Intake and Nutritional Assessment*

Data on daily food intake were collected by trained interviewers using the single 24-h dietary recall method. To reduce the possibility of bias, individuals who described their diet as atypical were excluded. Based on the different types of food consumed, energy and dietary fiber of each patient's diet were calculated using Polish food composition tables [25]. Polyphenols and antioxidants were calculated using previous studies [26–29].
